The History And Impact Of YouTube - Revision history

Loalvi: Correcting typos

2022-05-02T11:31:56Z

Correcting typos

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	==How Youtube Works==		==How Youtube Works==

	~~! This part is being formatted and re-read. ! References yet to be added. !~~

	===Technical Aspects===		===Technical Aspects===
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	====Video Conversion & Buffering====		====Video Conversion & Buffering====
	Whenever a user uploads a video to YouTube, the video gets transcoded (converted) to various resolutions (from 144p to 4320p or 8K, as of 2022) and formats / codecs (mainly VP9, H.264 and ~~AC1~~, depending on the number of views of the video<ref name=srv-codecs>Jan Ozer, "Which Codecs Does YouTube Use?", Streaming Learning Center, [Online]. Available: https://streaminglearningcenter.com/codecs/which-codecs-does-youtube-use.html [Accessed 01 05 2022]</ref>). Using different codecs allows YouTube to maintain a balance between the storage, bandwidth and computational costs, and also helps optimizing the bandwidth needed by the clients to play a video in a given resolution<ref name=srv-encode>Shivang Sarawagi, "YouTube Architecture – How Does It Serve High-Quality Videos With Low Latency", [Online]. Available: https://www.scaleyourapp.com/youtube-architecture-how-does-it-serve-high-quality-videos-with-low-latency/ [Accessed 01 05 2022]</ref>.		Whenever a user uploads a video to YouTube, the video gets transcoded (converted) to various resolutions (from 144p to 4320p or 8K, as of 2022) and formats / codecs (mainly VP9, H.264 and AV1, depending on the number of views of the video<ref name=srv-codecs>Jan Ozer, "Which Codecs Does YouTube Use?", Streaming Learning Center, [Online]. Available: https://streaminglearningcenter.com/codecs/which-codecs-does-youtube-use.html [Accessed 01 05 2022]</ref>). Using different codecs allows YouTube to maintain a balance between the storage, bandwidth and computational costs, and also helps optimizing the bandwidth needed by the clients to play a video in a given resolution<ref name=srv-encode>Shivang Sarawagi, "YouTube Architecture – How Does It Serve High-Quality Videos With Low Latency", [Online]. Available: https://www.scaleyourapp.com/youtube-architecture-how-does-it-serve-high-quality-videos-with-low-latency/ [Accessed 01 05 2022]</ref>.

	That said, the main upside of these transcoding tasks is the variety of resolutions available to the clients, and the possibility for YouTube’s video player to switch dynamically between these different video qualities. On servers, videos are stored by blocks (called ''chunks'') of only a few seconds. ~~This~~ every time a client retrieves video chunks, the choice between the different available resolutions is made according to the speed at which they were downloaded and processed, making sure to minimize buffering times<ref name=srv-encode></ref> ~~(this~~ is known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP].		That said, the main upside of these transcoding tasks is the variety of resolutions available to the clients, and the possibility for YouTube’s video player to switch dynamically between these different video qualities. On servers, videos are stored by blocks (called ''chunks'') of only a few seconds. Thus every time a client retrieves video chunks, the choice between the different available resolutions is made according to the speed at which they were downloaded and processed, making sure to minimize buffering times<ref name=srv-encode></ref>. This is known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP].

	===The Users’ Perspective===		===The Users’ Perspective===
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	====With Social Features====		====With Social Features====
	Since its very beginning, YouTube has been thought out as a social platform. This led to features enabling people to react to the videos being posted, and allowing them to create communities. The concept of subscription, similar to the “''follow''” function of other social media, is a very common example. Comments are another important part of the interaction on the platform; it has evolved thoughout the years to receive voting and replying features. There have always been reaction mechanisms for videos as well: the current ''Thumb up / Thumb down'' system replaced the earlier five-star rating possibility. In 2016, the platform added a ''Community'' section to channels, allowing content creators to share texts and images to their community<ref name=community-feature>Sarah Perez, "YouTube gets its own social network with the launch of YouTube Community", Tech Crunch [Online]. Available: https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/13/youtube-gets-its-own-social-network-with-the-launch-of-youtube-community/ [Accessed 01 05 2022]</ref>, with the possibility for people to comment, in a similar fashion to what was already possible with videos.<br>		Since its very beginning, YouTube has been thought out as a social platform. This led to features enabling people to react to the videos being posted, and allowing them to create communities. The concept of subscription, similar to the “''follow''” function of other social media, is a very common example. Comments are another important part of the interaction on the platform; it has evolved thoughout the years to receive voting and replying features. There have always been reaction mechanisms for videos as well: the current ''Thumb up / Thumb down'' system replaced the earlier five-star rating possibility. In 2016, the platform added a ''Community'' section to channels, allowing content creators to share texts and images to their community<ref name=community-feature>Sarah Perez, "YouTube gets its own social network with the launch of YouTube Community", Tech Crunch [Online]. Available: https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/13/youtube-gets-its-own-social-network-with-the-launch-of-youtube-community/ [Accessed 01 05 2022]</ref>, with the possibility for people to comment and vote, in a similar fashion to what was already possible with videos.<br>
	In recent years, YouTube has also tried to implement some social features inspired from other social media, like ''Stories'' (2018) and ''Shorts'' (2020)<ref name=shorts-launch>Sarah Perez, "YouTube launches its TikTok rival, YouTube Shorts, initially in India", Tech Crunch [Online]. Available: https://techcrunch.com/2020/09/14/youtube-launches-its-tiktok-rival-youtube-shorts-initially-in-india/ [Accessed 01 05 2022]</ref>.		In recent years, YouTube has also tried to implement some social features inspired from other social media, like ''Stories'' (2018) and ''Shorts'' (2020)<ref name=shorts-launch>Sarah Perez, "YouTube launches its TikTok rival, YouTube Shorts, initially in India", Tech Crunch [Online]. Available: https://techcrunch.com/2020/09/14/youtube-launches-its-tiktok-rival-youtube-shorts-initially-in-india/ [Accessed 01 05 2022]</ref>.

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	====The Algorithm====		====The Algorithm====
	Social media generally use recommendation algorithms to provide their users with relevant content and maximize the time they spend on the platform. In the case of YouTube, the algorithms started with only basic metrics like clicks, views and watch time. However since 2015-16 the content pushed to users by the platform became more tailored to ~~users’~~ habits and preferences. To achieve this, three ~~types~~ of parameters are considered: personalization (according to the user’s history and actions), performance (interest in watching the video, watch time) and external factors (the user’s fields of interest, relevancy to the current season...)<ref name=algo-general>Jenn Chen, "How the YouTube algorithm works in 2022", Sprout Social [Online]. Available: https://sproutsocial.com/insights/youtube-algorithm/ [Accessed 01 05 2022]</ref><ref name=algo-metrics>"How does YouTube’s recommendation system work?", YouTube [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/intl/en_us/howyoutubeworks/product-features/recommendations/#signals-used-to-recommend-content [Accessed 01 05 2022]</ref>.<br>		Social media generally use recommendation algorithms to provide their users with relevant content and maximize the time they spend on the platform. In the case of YouTube, the algorithms started with only basic metrics like clicks, views and watch time. However since 2015-16 the content pushed to users by the platform became more tailored to their habits and preferences. To achieve this, three categories of parameters are considered: personalization (according to the user’s history and actions), performance (interest in watching the video, watch time) and external factors (the user’s fields of interest, relevancy to the current season...)<ref name=algo-general>Jenn Chen, "How the YouTube algorithm works in 2022", Sprout Social [Online]. Available: https://sproutsocial.com/insights/youtube-algorithm/ [Accessed 01 05 2022]</ref><ref name=algo-metrics>"How does YouTube’s recommendation system work?", YouTube [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/intl/en_us/howyoutubeworks/product-features/recommendations/#signals-used-to-recommend-content [Accessed 01 05 2022]</ref>.<br>
	Once a user starts a video, he is being suggested other content that may be relevant, either according to the user’s profile, or because they cover similar topics or are often watched together.		Once a user starts a video, he is being suggested other content that may be relevant, either according to the user’s profile, or because they cover similar topics or are often watched together.

	From the content creator point of view, this model can raise concerns as they are incentivized to make videos according to what is privileged by the algorithm if they want to be make views. From their perspective, two metrics are utterly important, namely watch time and click-through rate. The former encourage creators to produce quality content that will retain viewers’ attention, while the latter essentially pushes these creators to make sensational titles and thumbnails, to trigger users’ curiosity<ref name=titles-thumbnails>Veritasium, "My Video Went Viral. Here's Why", YouTube [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHsa9DqmId8 [Accessed 01 05 2022]</ref>.~~<br>~~		From the content creator point of view, this model can raise concerns as they are incentivized to make videos according to what is privileged by the algorithm if they want to make views. From their perspective, two metrics are utterly important, namely watch time and click-through rate. The former encourage creators to produce quality content that will retain viewers’ attention, while the latter essentially pushes these creators to make sensational titles and thumbnails, to trigger users’ curiosity<ref name=titles-thumbnails>Veritasium, "My Video Went Viral. Here's Why", YouTube [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHsa9DqmId8 [Accessed 01 05 2022]</ref>. All in all, YouTube’s goal is to retain users on their platform, which they try to do by pushing up content that will maximize user satisfaction.
	All in all, YouTube’s goal is to retain users on their platform, which they try to do by pushing up content that will maximize user satisfaction.

Loalvi: Add references for 'How YouTube Works'

2022-05-02T00:27:45Z

Add references for 'How YouTube Works'

Loalvi: Add 'How YT Works part' (v1)

2022-05-01T23:50:46Z

Add 'How YT Works part' (v1)

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 ===Introduction of Shorts===
 “Shorts is a new short-form video experience for creators and artists who want to shoot short, catchy videos using nothing but their mobile phones.” This format of video platforming was pioneered by Vine and then popularised by other apps like musical.ly and TikTok. YouTube first launched the beta edition of Shorts in India on the 14th of September 2020 shortly after India banned TikTok on the 14th of September 2020.<ref name="newtok">G. Jarboe, "YouTube Shorts: An Introductory Guide," Search Engine Journal, [Online]. Available: https://www.searchenginejournal.com/youtube-shorts-guide/382267/#close. [Accessed 28 04 2022].</ref><ref>A. Chakravarti, "A year since TikTok ban, Indian TikTokers narrate how their lives were impacted," [Online]. Available: https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/features/story/a-year-since-tiktok-ban-indian-tiktokers-narrate-how-their-lives-were-impacted-1823024-2021-07-02#:~:text=TikTok%2C%20the%20short%2Dvideo%20platform,2020%2C%20over%20national%20security%20issues. [Accessed 28 04 2022].</ref> Soon afterward, YouTube launched Shorts in the U.S.A on the 18th of March 2021, the move was incredibly successful and the feature stuck permanently.<ref name="newtok"></ref>
 ==How Youtube Works==
 ==Social Impact==

Samamm: /* The Effect of YouTube on Politics. */

2022-05-01T19:23:05Z

The Effect of YouTube on Politics.

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:23, 1 May 2022
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	This harmless tool can do much more than one may be led to think. Some videos reveal truths, others spread disinformation, propaganda, and even lies. Regardless of the content, they all are part of the YouTube effect		This harmless tool can do much more than one may be led to think. Some videos reveal truths, others spread disinformation, propaganda, and even lies. Regardless of the content, they all are part of the YouTube effect

	===~~PROPAGANDA~~===		===Propaganda===

	Propaganda is a supply of profound influence in each election, along with also the 2016 presidential elections is no exception. However, as technology advances, propaganda is made to evolve with this.		Propaganda is a supply of profound influence in each election, along with also the 2016 presidential elections is no exception. However, as technology advances, propaganda is made to evolve with this.
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	In an age formed from the revolution, and this has changed data into also the usage of the world wide web and a commodity by means of devices, collecting information that is political has gotten effortless. Due to the prevalence of networking, propaganda adapted and was updated to reach each corner of the earth and to match demographics.		In an age formed from the revolution, and this has changed data into also the usage of the world wide web and a commodity by means of devices, collecting information that is political has gotten effortless. Due to the prevalence of networking, propaganda adapted and was updated to reach each corner of the earth and to match demographics.

	===~~“YOUTUBE IMPACT”~~===		===“YouTube Impact”===

	YouTube Impact is an expression defined by foreign policy.com This concept exemplifies how propaganda spreads as networking usage will be altered and tailored to customers in the press.		YouTube Impact is an expression defined by foreign policy.com This concept exemplifies how propaganda spreads as networking usage will be altered and tailored to customers in the press.
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	===~~POLITICKING~~===		===Politicking===

	YouTube is viewed as transforming the way politicians communicate with the public. Because politicians are able to use YouTube to eliminate the “gatekeeping” function of the mass media, they are able to define terms and manage impressions in their own words, and to influence the public directly without needing to solicit coverage from news organizations. [5] <ref name="lrb">L. R. B. Grosse, The impact of YouTube on U.S. politivcs, Lexington, 2014. </ref>		YouTube is viewed as transforming the way politicians communicate with the public. Because politicians are able to use YouTube to eliminate the “gatekeeping” function of the mass media, they are able to define terms and manage impressions in their own words, and to influence the public directly without needing to solicit coverage from news organizations. [5] <ref name="lrb">L. R. B. Grosse, The impact of YouTube on U.S. politivcs, Lexington, 2014. </ref>
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	===~~TERRORISM~~===		===Terrorism===

	YouTube was used by some terrorist organisations as a means to recruit and train followers via the Internet and to incite terrorist attacks around the world (“Hamas”, “Hezbollah”, “Al Qaeda”, “Islamic State”, etc.).		YouTube was used by some terrorist organisations as a means to recruit and train followers via the Internet and to incite terrorist attacks around the world (“Hamas”, “Hezbollah”, “Al Qaeda”, “Islamic State”, etc.).
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	Some researchers describe such activities as modern war, hybrid warfare or “YouTube War”.<ref name="lrb"></ref>		Some researchers describe such activities as modern war, hybrid warfare or “YouTube War”.<ref name="lrb"></ref>

	===~~CENSORSHIP~~===		===Censorship===

	Some countries react to YouTube’s impact. An interesting example is the government of Iran that reduced connection speed several years ago in order to limit its citizens’ access to video streaming in YouTube.<ref name="stoyle"></ref>		Some countries react to YouTube’s impact. An interesting example is the government of Iran that reduced connection speed several years ago in order to limit its citizens’ access to video streaming in YouTube.<ref name="stoyle"></ref>

Samamm: /* History */

2022-05-01T19:22:09Z

History

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	The co-founder of YouTube Jawed Karim has also gone on record to say that his idea of YouTube was also inspired by “Nipplegate” and how when it happened, he noticed that it was incredibly hard to find videos of Janet Jackson online during the “Nipplegate” event.<ref name="jawedkarim">J. Hopkins, "Surprise! There's a third YouTube co-founder," USA today, [Online]. Available: https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-10-11-youtube-karim_x.htm . [Accessed 28 04 2022].</ref>		The co-founder of YouTube Jawed Karim has also gone on record to say that his idea of YouTube was also inspired by “Nipplegate” and how when it happened, he noticed that it was incredibly hard to find videos of Janet Jackson online during the “Nipplegate” event.<ref name="jawedkarim">J. Hopkins, "Surprise! There's a third YouTube co-founder," USA today, [Online]. Available: https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-10-11-youtube-karim_x.htm . [Accessed 28 04 2022].</ref>

	===The ~~first video debate~~===		===The First Video Debate===
	Most people would agree that the first YouTuber (a holder of a YouTube account) of sorts was Jawed Karim with his revolutionary 18-second first video which he called “Me at the zoo” which was released on the 24th of April 2005.<ref name="meatthezoo">J. Karim, "Me at the zoo," Youtube, [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNQXAC9IVRw. [Accessed 28 4 2022].</ref> The videos showed Jawed at the San Diego Zoo standing in front of a cage of elephants with him talking about the elephants.<ref name="meatthezoo"></ref> The video currently stands having 221,032,051 views and 11 million likes.		Most people would agree that the first YouTuber (a holder of a YouTube account) of sorts was Jawed Karim with his revolutionary 18-second first video which he called “Me at the zoo” which was released on the 24th of April 2005.<ref name="meatthezoo">J. Karim, "Me at the zoo," Youtube, [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNQXAC9IVRw. [Accessed 28 4 2022].</ref> The videos showed Jawed at the San Diego Zoo standing in front of a cage of elephants with him talking about the elephants.<ref name="meatthezoo"></ref> The video currently stands having 221,032,051 views and 11 million likes.
	However, evidence suggests that this was probably the 6th video uploaded to YouTube. The earliest YouTube account seems to be held by another channel called “COM-TEST” which released 5 videos “com-test”, “com-test1”, “com-test3”, com-test4” and “com-test5”.<ref name="zoonotfirst">T. Realm, "Me at the zoo wasn't the first video," [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5EurHP1DCJg. [Accessed 28 4 2022].</ref> It is theorized that these videos were uploaded just to test the working of YouTube’s playback system. We must also note the absence of “com-test2” suggesting that there was a way to edit channel videos and delete videos. There is, however, no way to view these videos as these videos have been deleted ever since. However, this is just a theory considering that the original Reddit account containing this information has now been hacked and the information has been deleted.		However, evidence suggests that this was probably the 6th video uploaded to YouTube. The earliest YouTube account seems to be held by another channel called “COM-TEST” which released 5 videos “com-test”, “com-test1”, “com-test3”, com-test4” and “com-test5”.<ref name="zoonotfirst">T. Realm, "Me at the zoo wasn't the first video," [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5EurHP1DCJg. [Accessed 28 4 2022].</ref> It is theorized that these videos were uploaded just to test the working of YouTube’s playback system. We must also note the absence of “com-test2” suggesting that there was a way to edit channel videos and delete videos. There is, however, no way to view these videos as these videos have been deleted ever since. However, this is just a theory considering that the original Reddit account containing this information has now been hacked and the information has been deleted.
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	YouTube’s victory, in this case, set a precedent for the protection of the video streaming rights of the internet in totality.		YouTube’s victory, in this case, set a precedent for the protection of the video streaming rights of the internet in totality.

	===YouTube ~~partner program~~===		===YouTube Partner Program===
	In December 2007, YouTube introduced the partner program.<ref>contributor, "YouTube launches Revenue Sharing Partners Program, but no pre rolls," tech crunch, [Online]. Available: https://techcrunch.com/2007/05/04/youtube-launches-revenue-sharing-partners-program-but-no-pre-rolls/?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAMiUjcpRSPEJm-EJEG72-8VLxtgvoqxHYCILgrpEjcV5WNk6YV1xmDCKHWRzaLf8bVzBzK2a. [Accessed 28 04 2022].</ref> This meant that now, popular creators on the platform could monetize their videos. This meant now that certain YouTube users started earning money for their videos, which led to YouTube now being taken seriously as a profession. In the early days, creators could not get monetized on their own, they had to join an MCN(Multi-channel network) to get monetized and use custom thumbnails.<ref name="steal17">T. G. Theorists, "They stole $1.7 million," [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ACNhHTqIVqk. [Accessed 28 04 2022]</ref>		In December 2007, YouTube introduced the partner program.<ref>contributor, "YouTube launches Revenue Sharing Partners Program, but no pre rolls," tech crunch, [Online]. Available: https://techcrunch.com/2007/05/04/youtube-launches-revenue-sharing-partners-program-but-no-pre-rolls/?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAMiUjcpRSPEJm-EJEG72-8VLxtgvoqxHYCILgrpEjcV5WNk6YV1xmDCKHWRzaLf8bVzBzK2a. [Accessed 28 04 2022].</ref> This meant that now, popular creators on the platform could monetize their videos. This meant now that certain YouTube users started earning money for their videos, which led to YouTube now being taken seriously as a profession. In the early days, creators could not get monetized on their own, they had to join an MCN(Multi-channel network) to get monetized and use custom thumbnails.<ref name="steal17">T. G. Theorists, "They stole $1.7 million," [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ACNhHTqIVqk. [Accessed 28 04 2022]</ref>
	On the 13th of April 2012, YouTube lets anyone (in a list of 20 countries) be monetized even those who are not huge YouTubers.<ref name="partner14">S. Hollister, "YouTube opens Partner program to all: every creator in 20 countries can now monetize video," verge, [Online]. Available: https://www.theverge.com/2012/4/13/2945243/youtube-partner-program-monetization. [Accessed 28 4 2022</ref> YouTubers no longer had to work under a multi-channel network and could directly get revenue from YouTube. The primary focus of multi-channel networks now became to provide partnered YouTubers with copyright protection.<ref name="partner14"></ref> The increase in inclusion of anyone in its partner program incentivized the release of fresh ideas and content with good production values, it also ushered in a new wave of YouTubers who would upload regularly.		On the 13th of April 2012, YouTube lets anyone (in a list of 20 countries) be monetized even those who are not huge YouTubers.<ref name="partner14">S. Hollister, "YouTube opens Partner program to all: every creator in 20 countries can now monetize video," verge, [Online]. Available: https://www.theverge.com/2012/4/13/2945243/youtube-partner-program-monetization. [Accessed 28 4 2022</ref> YouTubers no longer had to work under a multi-channel network and could directly get revenue from YouTube. The primary focus of multi-channel networks now became to provide partnered YouTubers with copyright protection.<ref name="partner14"></ref> The increase in inclusion of anyone in its partner program incentivized the release of fresh ideas and content with good production values, it also ushered in a new wave of YouTubers who would upload regularly.
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	It is not recommended to join a Multi-Channel Network as a YouTuber however, considering the thousands of stories of YouTubers getting duped by their Multi-Channel Network. One of the biggest of such cases is Defy Media, whose owner ran away with 1.7 million dollars of revenue stolen from 50 creators.<ref>A. padilla, "My thoughts about SMOSH/Defy Media shutting down," [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1_zuDvgfULw. [Accessed 28 04 2022].</ref> Defy media also scammed the owner of Smosh media Anthony Padilla by coaxing him to accept stock in the company in exchange for the Smosh brand, Defy media never went public which meant that the stock that Smosh had was completely valueless.<ref>N. McAlone, "YouTube star PewDiePie rages against media 'attack' following reports of anti-Semitic jokes in his videos," Business Insider, [Online]. Available: https://www.businessinsider.com/pewdiepie-response-to-report-2017-2. [Accessed 28 04 2022].</ref> The problem with joining a multi-channel network is the complete lack of accountability on the part of the multi-channel networks which have no authoritative bodies regulating their behavior.		It is not recommended to join a Multi-Channel Network as a YouTuber however, considering the thousands of stories of YouTubers getting duped by their Multi-Channel Network. One of the biggest of such cases is Defy Media, whose owner ran away with 1.7 million dollars of revenue stolen from 50 creators.<ref>A. padilla, "My thoughts about SMOSH/Defy Media shutting down," [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1_zuDvgfULw. [Accessed 28 04 2022].</ref> Defy media also scammed the owner of Smosh media Anthony Padilla by coaxing him to accept stock in the company in exchange for the Smosh brand, Defy media never went public which meant that the stock that Smosh had was completely valueless.<ref>N. McAlone, "YouTube star PewDiePie rages against media 'attack' following reports of anti-Semitic jokes in his videos," Business Insider, [Online]. Available: https://www.businessinsider.com/pewdiepie-response-to-report-2017-2. [Accessed 28 04 2022].</ref> The problem with joining a multi-channel network is the complete lack of accountability on the part of the multi-channel networks which have no authoritative bodies regulating their behavior.

	===Lets ~~plays~~===		===Lets Plays===

	[[File:youtt.jpg\|150px\|thumb\|Original Youtube logo <ref>"PewDiePie picture". Available at https://www.biography.com/.image/t_share/MTUxNzIxODgzNTg5NDIwMzAw/pewdiepie_gettyimages-501661286.jpg</ref>]]		[[File:youtt.jpg\|150px\|thumb\|Original Youtube logo <ref>"PewDiePie picture". Available at https://www.biography.com/.image/t_share/MTUxNzIxODgzNTg5NDIwMzAw/pewdiepie_gettyimages-501661286.jpg</ref>]]
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	The outcome of this event was disastrous. YouTube panicked and started to ban all comments on YouTube videos containing minors, in a single day thousands of comments were deleted are currently being deleted to this day on videos containing a minor regardless of the context.<ref>J. Alexander, "YouTube is disabling comments on almost all videos featuring children," the verge, [Online]. Available: https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/28/18244954/youtube-comments-minor-children-exploitation-monetization-creators. [Accessed 28 04 2022].</ref>		The outcome of this event was disastrous. YouTube panicked and started to ban all comments on YouTube videos containing minors, in a single day thousands of comments were deleted are currently being deleted to this day on videos containing a minor regardless of the context.<ref>J. Alexander, "YouTube is disabling comments on almost all videos featuring children," the verge, [Online]. Available: https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/28/18244954/youtube-comments-minor-children-exploitation-monetization-creators. [Accessed 28 04 2022].</ref>

	===Introduction of ~~shorts~~===		===Introduction of Shorts===
	“Shorts is a new short-form video experience for creators and artists who want to shoot short, catchy videos using nothing but their mobile phones.” This format of video platforming was pioneered by Vine and then popularised by other apps like musical.ly and TikTok. YouTube first launched the beta edition of Shorts in India on the 14th of September 2020 shortly after India banned TikTok on the 14th of September 2020.<ref name="newtok">G. Jarboe, "YouTube Shorts: An Introductory Guide," Search Engine Journal, [Online]. Available: https://www.searchenginejournal.com/youtube-shorts-guide/382267/#close. [Accessed 28 04 2022].</ref><ref>A. Chakravarti, "A year since TikTok ban, Indian TikTokers narrate how their lives were impacted," [Online]. Available: https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/features/story/a-year-since-tiktok-ban-indian-tiktokers-narrate-how-their-lives-were-impacted-1823024-2021-07-02#:~:text=TikTok%2C%20the%20short%2Dvideo%20platform,2020%2C%20over%20national%20security%20issues. [Accessed 28 04 2022].</ref> Soon afterward, YouTube launched Shorts in the U.S.A on the 18th of March 2021, the move was incredibly successful and the feature stuck permanently.<ref name="newtok"></ref>		“Shorts is a new short-form video experience for creators and artists who want to shoot short, catchy videos using nothing but their mobile phones.” This format of video platforming was pioneered by Vine and then popularised by other apps like musical.ly and TikTok. YouTube first launched the beta edition of Shorts in India on the 14th of September 2020 shortly after India banned TikTok on the 14th of September 2020.<ref name="newtok">G. Jarboe, "YouTube Shorts: An Introductory Guide," Search Engine Journal, [Online]. Available: https://www.searchenginejournal.com/youtube-shorts-guide/382267/#close. [Accessed 28 04 2022].</ref><ref>A. Chakravarti, "A year since TikTok ban, Indian TikTokers narrate how their lives were impacted," [Online]. Available: https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/features/story/a-year-since-tiktok-ban-indian-tiktokers-narrate-how-their-lives-were-impacted-1823024-2021-07-02#:~:text=TikTok%2C%20the%20short%2Dvideo%20platform,2020%2C%20over%20national%20security%20issues. [Accessed 28 04 2022].</ref> Soon afterward, YouTube launched Shorts in the U.S.A on the 18th of March 2021, the move was incredibly successful and the feature stuck permanently.<ref name="newtok"></ref>

Tarwal: /* The Effect of YouTube on Politics. */

2022-04-30T01:20:30Z

The Effect of YouTube on Politics.

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:20, 30 April 2022
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	YouTube was used by some terrorist organisations as a means to recruit and train followers via the Internet and to incite terrorist attacks around the world (“Hamas”, “Hezbollah”, “Al Qaeda”, “Islamic State”, etc.).		YouTube was used by some terrorist organisations as a means to recruit and train followers via the Internet and to incite terrorist attacks around the world (“Hamas”, “Hezbollah”, “Al Qaeda”, “Islamic State”, etc.).

	At some points on YouTube, one can see the ISIS group instruct prospective recruits how to build bombs. Groups like AL-Qaeda now post their videos withe the sole intent that it would eventually creep its way into larger mainstream media ~~[4]~~ <ref>D. C, YouTube war: Fighting in a world of cameras in every cell phone and photoshop on every computer, 2009. </ref>		At some points on YouTube, one can see the ISIS group instruct prospective recruits how to build bombs. Groups like AL-Qaeda now post their videos withe the sole intent that it would eventually creep its way into larger mainstream media <ref>D. C, YouTube war: Fighting in a world of cameras in every cell phone and photoshop on every computer, 2009. </ref>

	“Innovations in media technology were also used by Hezbollah in order to film insurgent attacks for propaganda purposes. purposes. Probably it is not an exaggeration to say that nowadays terrorist attacks have become media events and their aim is to draw the attention of the larger audience. “ ~~[3]~~ <ref name="stoyle">V. Stoilova, YouTube effect and its impact on global politics, 2016. </ref>		“Innovations in media technology were also used by Hezbollah in order to film insurgent attacks for propaganda purposes. purposes. Probably it is not an exaggeration to say that nowadays terrorist attacks have become media events and their aim is to draw the attention of the larger audience. “<ref name="stoyle">V. Stoilova, YouTube effect and its impact on global politics, 2016. </ref>

	“These on-line activities threaten the global security. Modern technologies allow today’s terrorist groups to film, edit, and upload online their own attacks (roadside bombings, hostage takings, ambushes, rocket attacks, etc.) within minutes of staging them without depending on the approval of any traditional media. In fact, terrorists are now no longer dependent upon the professional media to communicate because the professional media have become dependent upon them.” ~~[3]~~ <ref name="stoyle"></ref>		“These on-line activities threaten the global security. Modern technologies allow today’s terrorist groups to film, edit, and upload online their own attacks (roadside bombings, hostage takings, ambushes, rocket attacks, etc.) within minutes of staging them without depending on the approval of any traditional media. In fact, terrorists are now no longer dependent upon the professional media to communicate because the professional media have become dependent upon them.” <ref name="stoyle"></ref>

	Some researchers describe such activities as modern war, hybrid warfare or “YouTube War”. ~~[5]~~<ref name="lrb"></ref>		Some researchers describe such activities as modern war, hybrid warfare or “YouTube War”.<ref name="lrb"></ref>

	===CENSORSHIP===		===CENSORSHIP===

	Some countries react to YouTube’s impact. An interesting example is the government of Iran that reduced connection speed several years ago in order to limit its citizens’ access to video streaming in YouTube. ~~[3]~~<ref name="stoyle"></ref>		Some countries react to YouTube’s impact. An interesting example is the government of Iran that reduced connection speed several years ago in order to limit its citizens’ access to video streaming in YouTube.<ref name="stoyle"></ref>

	Another example of state censorship to the YouTube effect is China’s attempt to stop its citizens’ access not only in order to limit the publication of country situation materials, but also to limit the impact of the world over the minds of the Chinese people.		Another example of state censorship to the YouTube effect is China’s attempt to stop its citizens’ access not only in order to limit the publication of country situation materials, but also to limit the impact of the world over the minds of the Chinese people.
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	Turkey, is another state where YouTube was censored in order to stymie its effects.		Turkey, is another state where YouTube was censored in order to stymie its effects.

	After launching a Pakistan-specific version in the beginning of 2016 Pakistan unblocked the access to YouTube, more than three years after it was banned for posting the video “Innocence of Muslims”. This video led to riots and political upheaval in several Muslim countries (Iran, Sudan, etc.).~~[2]~~ <ref>ThisIsForNeda, "FOR NEDA(English)," [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F48SinuEHIk. [Accessed 28 04 2022].</ref>		After launching a Pakistan-specific version in the beginning of 2016 Pakistan unblocked the access to YouTube, more than three years after it was banned for posting the video “Innocence of Muslims”. This video led to riots and political upheaval in several Muslim countries (Iran, Sudan, etc.).<ref>ThisIsForNeda, "FOR NEDA(English)," [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F48SinuEHIk. [Accessed 28 04 2022].</ref>

	==Guidelines==		==Guidelines==

Tarwal: /* Political Impact */

2022-04-30T01:19:02Z

Political Impact

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:19, 30 April 2022
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	This new model of job has brought a major change in the work. It gives everyone the opportunity to try, anyone can upload almost anything to YouTube, for free, and be in the chance of making a living off it. This brings a new wave of thought in which it is not necessary to go to university and get a standard 8-hour job. <ref name="YTJobsStatisticsFacts"> L. Ceci.'' YouTube - Statistics & Facts.'' Statista. Available at https://www.statista.com/topics/2019/youtube/#topicHeader__wrapper</ref>		This new model of job has brought a major change in the work. It gives everyone the opportunity to try, anyone can upload almost anything to YouTube, for free, and be in the chance of making a living off it. This brings a new wave of thought in which it is not necessary to go to university and get a standard 8-hour job. <ref name="YTJobsStatisticsFacts"> L. Ceci.'' YouTube - Statistics & Facts.'' Statista. Available at https://www.statista.com/topics/2019/youtube/#topicHeader__wrapper</ref>

	==~~Political Impact==~~		==The Effect of YouTube on Politics.==
	~~'''~~The Effect of YouTube on Politics.~~'''~~


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	This harmless tool can do much more than one may be led to think. Some videos reveal truths, others spread disinformation, propaganda, and even lies. Regardless of the content, they all are part of the YouTube effect		This harmless tool can do much more than one may be led to think. Some videos reveal truths, others spread disinformation, propaganda, and even lies. Regardless of the content, they all are part of the YouTube effect

	~~'''~~PROPAGANDA~~'''~~		===PROPAGANDA===

	Propaganda is a supply of profound influence in each election, along with also the 2016 presidential elections is no exception. However, as technology advances, propaganda is made to evolve with this.		Propaganda is a supply of profound influence in each election, along with also the 2016 presidential elections is no exception. However, as technology advances, propaganda is made to evolve with this.
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	In an age formed from the revolution, and this has changed data into also the usage of the world wide web and a commodity by means of devices, collecting information that is political has gotten effortless. Due to the prevalence of networking, propaganda adapted and was updated to reach each corner of the earth and to match demographics.		In an age formed from the revolution, and this has changed data into also the usage of the world wide web and a commodity by means of devices, collecting information that is political has gotten effortless. Due to the prevalence of networking, propaganda adapted and was updated to reach each corner of the earth and to match demographics.

	~~'''~~“YOUTUBE IMPACT”~~'''~~		===“YOUTUBE IMPACT”===

	YouTube Impact is an expression defined by foreign policy.com This concept exemplifies how propaganda spreads as networking usage will be altered and tailored to customers in the press.		YouTube Impact is an expression defined by foreign policy.com This concept exemplifies how propaganda spreads as networking usage will be altered and tailored to customers in the press.
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	Due to the ease with which sharing videos or simply uploading images or basic content, audiences begin to form opinions and shape interactions based on. The content they are most exposed to.		Due to the ease with which sharing videos or simply uploading images or basic content, audiences begin to form opinions and shape interactions based on. The content they are most exposed to.

	Owed to YouTube videos’ caliber along with their prevalence with millennials’ participation on YouTube can manipulate young voters’ opinions and conclusions. Given that more young men and women are enrolling to vote to desire their voices to be heard and to have a say in parties, the effects of YouTube on politics is influential.		Owed to YouTube videos’ caliber along with their prevalence with millennials’ participation on YouTube can manipulate young voters’ opinions and conclusions. Given that more young men and women are enrolling to vote to desire their voices to be heard and to have a say in parties, the effects of YouTube on politics is influential.<ref>M. Naim, "The YouTube Effect," foreign policy, [Online]. Available: http://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/14/the-youtube-effect/ . [Accessed 28 04 2022].</ref>



	~~'''~~POLITICKING~~'''~~		===POLITICKING===

	YouTube is viewed as transforming the way politicians communicate with the public. Because politicians are able to use YouTube to eliminate the “gatekeeping” function of the mass media, they are able to define terms and manage impressions in their own words, and to influence the public directly without needing to solicit coverage from news organizations. [8]		YouTube is viewed as transforming the way politicians communicate with the public. Because politicians are able to use YouTube to eliminate the “gatekeeping” function of the mass media, they are able to define terms and manage impressions in their own words, and to influence the public directly without needing to solicit coverage from news organizations. [5] <ref name="lrb">L. R. B. Grosse, The impact of YouTube on U.S. politivcs, Lexington, 2014. </ref>

	In addition to the political campaign and image control tools that YouTube provides, it also has become a platform for candidates to launch advertising and fundraising efforts. These candidates have found that such online advertising campaigns can “increase interactivity, accountability, iterability, and targeting, making them an attractive complement to mainstream campaign advertising strategies” (48-49)[9].		In addition to the political campaign and image control tools that YouTube provides, it also has become a platform for candidates to launch advertising and fundraising efforts. These candidates have found that such online advertising campaigns can “increase interactivity, accountability, iterability, and targeting, making them an attractive complement to mainstream campaign advertising strategies” (48-49)[5]. <ref name="lrb"></ref>

	In a report by Ricke, LaChrystal D, He postulated that “Historically, political debates have not overtly welcomed public interaction, with most recent research suggesting that debates are created for audiences only in the sense that candidates construct arguments to persuade them, but not necessarily to engage them,” . However, in the new era of politics, social media outlets such as YouTube have offered the public “many novel ways to become involved and engaged in this traditionally closed form of political communication” (66)[9].		In a report by Ricke, LaChrystal D, He postulated that “Historically, political debates have not overtly welcomed public interaction, with most recent research suggesting that debates are created for audiences only in the sense that candidates construct arguments to persuade them, but not necessarily to engage them,” . However, in the new era of politics, social media outlets such as YouTube have offered the public “many novel ways to become involved and engaged in this traditionally closed form of political communication” (66)[5].<ref name="lrb"></ref>



	~~'''~~TERRORISM~~'''~~		===TERRORISM===

	YouTube was used by some terrorist organisations as a means to recruit and train followers via the Internet and to incite terrorist attacks around the world (“Hamas”, “Hezbollah”, “Al Qaeda”, “Islamic State”, etc.).		YouTube was used by some terrorist organisations as a means to recruit and train followers via the Internet and to incite terrorist attacks around the world (“Hamas”, “Hezbollah”, “Al Qaeda”, “Islamic State”, etc.).

	At some points on YouTube, one can see the ISIS group instruct prospective recruits how to build bombs. Groups like AL-Qaeda now post their videos withe the sole intent that it would eventually creep its way into larger mainstream media		At some points on YouTube, one can see the ISIS group instruct prospective recruits how to build bombs. Groups like AL-Qaeda now post their videos withe the sole intent that it would eventually creep its way into larger mainstream media [4] <ref>D. C, YouTube war: Fighting in a world of cameras in every cell phone and photoshop on every computer, 2009. </ref>

	“Innovations in media technology were also used by Hezbollah in order to film insurgent attacks for propaganda purposes. purposes. Probably it is not an exaggeration to say that nowadays terrorist attacks have become media events and their aim is to draw the attention of the larger audience. “ [7]		“Innovations in media technology were also used by Hezbollah in order to film insurgent attacks for propaganda purposes. purposes. Probably it is not an exaggeration to say that nowadays terrorist attacks have become media events and their aim is to draw the attention of the larger audience. “ [3] <ref name="stoyle">V. Stoilova, YouTube effect and its impact on global politics, 2016. </ref>

	“These on-line activities threaten the global security. Modern technologies allow today’s terrorist groups to film, edit, and upload online their own attacks (roadside bombings, hostage takings, ambushes, rocket attacks, etc.) within minutes of staging them without depending on the approval of any traditional media. In fact, terrorists are now no longer dependent upon the professional media to communicate because the professional media have become dependent upon them.” [7]		“These on-line activities threaten the global security. Modern technologies allow today’s terrorist groups to film, edit, and upload online their own attacks (roadside bombings, hostage takings, ambushes, rocket attacks, etc.) within minutes of staging them without depending on the approval of any traditional media. In fact, terrorists are now no longer dependent upon the professional media to communicate because the professional media have become dependent upon them.” [3] <ref name="stoyle"></ref>

	Some researchers describe such activities as modern war, hybrid warfare or “YouTube War”. [5]		Some researchers describe such activities as modern war, hybrid warfare or “YouTube War”. [5]<ref name="lrb"></ref>

	~~'''~~CENSORSHIP~~'''~~		===CENSORSHIP===

	Some countries react to YouTube’s impact. An interesting example is the government of Iran that reduced connection speed several years ago in order to limit its citizens’ access to video streaming in YouTube.		Some countries react to YouTube’s impact. An interesting example is the government of Iran that reduced connection speed several years ago in order to limit its citizens’ access to video streaming in YouTube. [3]<ref name="stoyle"></ref>

	Another example of state censorship to the YouTube effect is China’s attempt to stop its citizens’ access not only in order to limit the publication of country situation materials, but also to limit the impact of the world over the minds of the Chinese people.		Another example of state censorship to the YouTube effect is China’s attempt to stop its citizens’ access not only in order to limit the publication of country situation materials, but also to limit the impact of the world over the minds of the Chinese people.
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	Turkey, is another state where YouTube was censored in order to stymie its effects.		Turkey, is another state where YouTube was censored in order to stymie its effects.

	After launching a Pakistan-specific version in the beginning of 2016 Pakistan unblocked the access to YouTube, more than three years after it was banned for posting the video “Innocence of Muslims”. This video led to riots and political upheaval in several Muslim countries (Iran, Sudan, etc.).[7]		After launching a Pakistan-specific version in the beginning of 2016 Pakistan unblocked the access to YouTube, more than three years after it was banned for posting the video “Innocence of Muslims”. This video led to riots and political upheaval in several Muslim countries (Iran, Sudan, etc.).[2] <ref>ThisIsForNeda, "FOR NEDA(English)," [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F48SinuEHIk. [Accessed 28 04 2022].</ref>

	==Guidelines==		==Guidelines==

Adadet: /* Political Impact */

2022-04-30T00:32:42Z

Political Impact

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:32, 30 April 2022
Line 127:		Line 127:

	==Political Impact==		==Political Impact==
	The Effect of YouTube on Politics.		'''The Effect of YouTube on Politics.'''


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	This harmless tool can do much more than one may be led to think. Some videos reveal truths, others spread disinformation, propaganda, and even lies. Regardless of the content, they all are part of the YouTube effect		This harmless tool can do much more than one may be led to think. Some videos reveal truths, others spread disinformation, propaganda, and even lies. Regardless of the content, they all are part of the YouTube effect

	PROPAGANDA		'''PROPAGANDA'''

	Propaganda is a supply of profound influence in each election, along with also the 2016 presidential elections is no exception. However, as technology advances, propaganda is made to evolve with this.		Propaganda is a supply of profound influence in each election, along with also the 2016 presidential elections is no exception. However, as technology advances, propaganda is made to evolve with this.
Line 143:		Line 143:
	In an age formed from the revolution, and this has changed data into also the usage of the world wide web and a commodity by means of devices, collecting information that is political has gotten effortless. Due to the prevalence of networking, propaganda adapted and was updated to reach each corner of the earth and to match demographics.		In an age formed from the revolution, and this has changed data into also the usage of the world wide web and a commodity by means of devices, collecting information that is political has gotten effortless. Due to the prevalence of networking, propaganda adapted and was updated to reach each corner of the earth and to match demographics.

	“YOUTUBE IMPACT”		'''“YOUTUBE IMPACT”'''

	YouTube Impact is an expression defined by foreign policy.com This concept exemplifies how propaganda spreads as networking usage will be altered and tailored to customers in the press.		YouTube Impact is an expression defined by foreign policy.com This concept exemplifies how propaganda spreads as networking usage will be altered and tailored to customers in the press.
Line 153:		Line 153:


	POLITICKING		'''POLITICKING'''

	YouTube is viewed as transforming the way politicians communicate with the public. Because politicians are able to use YouTube to eliminate the “gatekeeping” function of the mass media, they are able to define terms and manage impressions in their own words, and to influence the public directly without needing to solicit coverage from news organizations. [8]		YouTube is viewed as transforming the way politicians communicate with the public. Because politicians are able to use YouTube to eliminate the “gatekeeping” function of the mass media, they are able to define terms and manage impressions in their own words, and to influence the public directly without needing to solicit coverage from news organizations. [8]
Line 163:		Line 163:


	TERRORISM		'''TERRORISM'''

	YouTube was used by some terrorist organisations as a means to recruit and train followers via the Internet and to incite terrorist attacks around the world (“Hamas”, “Hezbollah”, “Al Qaeda”, “Islamic State”, etc.).		YouTube was used by some terrorist organisations as a means to recruit and train followers via the Internet and to incite terrorist attacks around the world (“Hamas”, “Hezbollah”, “Al Qaeda”, “Islamic State”, etc.).
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	Some researchers describe such activities as modern war, hybrid warfare or “YouTube War”. [5]		Some researchers describe such activities as modern war, hybrid warfare or “YouTube War”. [5]

	CENSORSHIP		'''CENSORSHIP'''

	Some countries react to YouTube’s impact. An interesting example is the government of Iran that reduced connection speed several years ago in order to limit its citizens’ access to video streaming in YouTube.		Some countries react to YouTube’s impact. An interesting example is the government of Iran that reduced connection speed several years ago in order to limit its citizens’ access to video streaming in YouTube.

Adadet: Undo revision 142010 by Adadet (talk)

2022-04-30T00:31:45Z

Undo revision 142010 by Adadet (talk)

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:31, 30 April 2022
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	This new model of job has brought a major change in the work. It gives everyone the opportunity to try, anyone can upload almost anything to YouTube, for free, and be in the chance of making a living off it. This brings a new wave of thought in which it is not necessary to go to university and get a standard 8-hour job. <ref name="YTJobsStatisticsFacts"> L. Ceci.'' YouTube - Statistics & Facts.'' Statista. Available at https://www.statista.com/topics/2019/youtube/#topicHeader__wrapper</ref>		This new model of job has brought a major change in the work. It gives everyone the opportunity to try, anyone can upload almost anything to YouTube, for free, and be in the chance of making a living off it. This brings a new wave of thought in which it is not necessary to go to university and get a standard 8-hour job. <ref name="YTJobsStatisticsFacts"> L. Ceci.'' YouTube - Statistics & Facts.'' Statista. Available at https://www.statista.com/topics/2019/youtube/#topicHeader__wrapper</ref>

	~~[[Link title]]~~==Political Impact==		==Political Impact==
	The Effect of YouTube on Politics.		The Effect of YouTube on Politics.

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	This harmless tool can do much more than one may be led to think. Some videos reveal truths, others spread disinformation, propaganda, and even lies. Regardless of the content, they all are part of the YouTube effect		This harmless tool can do much more than one may be led to think. Some videos reveal truths, others spread disinformation, propaganda, and even lies. Regardless of the content, they all are part of the YouTube effect

	==		PROPAGANDA
	~~'''~~PROPAGANDA~~''' ==~~


	Propaganda is a supply of profound influence in each election, along with also the 2016 presidential elections is no exception. However, as technology advances, propaganda is made to evolve with this.		Propaganda is a supply of profound influence in each election, along with also the 2016 presidential elections is no exception. However, as technology advances, propaganda is made to evolve with this.
Line 145:		Line 143:
	In an age formed from the revolution, and this has changed data into also the usage of the world wide web and a commodity by means of devices, collecting information that is political has gotten effortless. Due to the prevalence of networking, propaganda adapted and was updated to reach each corner of the earth and to match demographics.		In an age formed from the revolution, and this has changed data into also the usage of the world wide web and a commodity by means of devices, collecting information that is political has gotten effortless. Due to the prevalence of networking, propaganda adapted and was updated to reach each corner of the earth and to match demographics.

	~~[['''~~“YOUTUBE IMPACT”~~''']]~~		“YOUTUBE IMPACT”

	YouTube Impact is an expression defined by foreign policy.com This concept exemplifies how propaganda spreads as networking usage will be altered and tailored to customers in the press.		YouTube Impact is an expression defined by foreign policy.com This concept exemplifies how propaganda spreads as networking usage will be altered and tailored to customers in the press.
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	~~[['''~~POLITICKING~~''']]~~		POLITICKING

	YouTube is viewed as transforming the way politicians communicate with the public. Because politicians are able to use YouTube to eliminate the “gatekeeping” function of the mass media, they are able to define terms and manage impressions in their own words, and to influence the public directly without needing to solicit coverage from news organizations. [8]		YouTube is viewed as transforming the way politicians communicate with the public. Because politicians are able to use YouTube to eliminate the “gatekeeping” function of the mass media, they are able to define terms and manage impressions in their own words, and to influence the public directly without needing to solicit coverage from news organizations. [8]
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	~~[['''~~TERRORISM~~''']]~~		TERRORISM

	YouTube was used by some terrorist organisations as a means to recruit and train followers via the Internet and to incite terrorist attacks around the world (“Hamas”, “Hezbollah”, “Al Qaeda”, “Islamic State”, etc.).		YouTube was used by some terrorist organisations as a means to recruit and train followers via the Internet and to incite terrorist attacks around the world (“Hamas”, “Hezbollah”, “Al Qaeda”, “Islamic State”, etc.).
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	Some researchers describe such activities as modern war, hybrid warfare or “YouTube War”. [5]		Some researchers describe such activities as modern war, hybrid warfare or “YouTube War”. [5]

	~~[['''~~CENSORSHIP~~''']]~~		CENSORSHIP

	Some countries react to YouTube’s impact. An interesting example is the government of Iran that reduced connection speed several years ago in order to limit its citizens’ access to video streaming in YouTube.		Some countries react to YouTube’s impact. An interesting example is the government of Iran that reduced connection speed several years ago in order to limit its citizens’ access to video streaming in YouTube.

Adadet: /* Political Impact */

2022-04-30T00:29:55Z

Political Impact

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:29, 30 April 2022
Line 126:		Line 126:
	This new model of job has brought a major change in the work. It gives everyone the opportunity to try, anyone can upload almost anything to YouTube, for free, and be in the chance of making a living off it. This brings a new wave of thought in which it is not necessary to go to university and get a standard 8-hour job. <ref name="YTJobsStatisticsFacts"> L. Ceci.'' YouTube - Statistics & Facts.'' Statista. Available at https://www.statista.com/topics/2019/youtube/#topicHeader__wrapper</ref>		This new model of job has brought a major change in the work. It gives everyone the opportunity to try, anyone can upload almost anything to YouTube, for free, and be in the chance of making a living off it. This brings a new wave of thought in which it is not necessary to go to university and get a standard 8-hour job. <ref name="YTJobsStatisticsFacts"> L. Ceci.'' YouTube - Statistics & Facts.'' Statista. Available at https://www.statista.com/topics/2019/youtube/#topicHeader__wrapper</ref>

	==Political Impact==		[[Link title]]==Political Impact==
	The Effect of YouTube on Politics.		The Effect of YouTube on Politics.

Line 135:		Line 135:
	This harmless tool can do much more than one may be led to think. Some videos reveal truths, others spread disinformation, propaganda, and even lies. Regardless of the content, they all are part of the YouTube effect		This harmless tool can do much more than one may be led to think. Some videos reveal truths, others spread disinformation, propaganda, and even lies. Regardless of the content, they all are part of the YouTube effect

	PROPAGANDA		==
			'''PROPAGANDA''' ==


	Propaganda is a supply of profound influence in each election, along with also the 2016 presidential elections is no exception. However, as technology advances, propaganda is made to evolve with this.		Propaganda is a supply of profound influence in each election, along with also the 2016 presidential elections is no exception. However, as technology advances, propaganda is made to evolve with this.
Line 143:		Line 145:
	In an age formed from the revolution, and this has changed data into also the usage of the world wide web and a commodity by means of devices, collecting information that is political has gotten effortless. Due to the prevalence of networking, propaganda adapted and was updated to reach each corner of the earth and to match demographics.		In an age formed from the revolution, and this has changed data into also the usage of the world wide web and a commodity by means of devices, collecting information that is political has gotten effortless. Due to the prevalence of networking, propaganda adapted and was updated to reach each corner of the earth and to match demographics.

	“YOUTUBE IMPACT”		[['''“YOUTUBE IMPACT”''']]

	YouTube Impact is an expression defined by foreign policy.com This concept exemplifies how propaganda spreads as networking usage will be altered and tailored to customers in the press.		YouTube Impact is an expression defined by foreign policy.com This concept exemplifies how propaganda spreads as networking usage will be altered and tailored to customers in the press.
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	POLITICKING		[['''POLITICKING''']]

	YouTube is viewed as transforming the way politicians communicate with the public. Because politicians are able to use YouTube to eliminate the “gatekeeping” function of the mass media, they are able to define terms and manage impressions in their own words, and to influence the public directly without needing to solicit coverage from news organizations. [8]		YouTube is viewed as transforming the way politicians communicate with the public. Because politicians are able to use YouTube to eliminate the “gatekeeping” function of the mass media, they are able to define terms and manage impressions in their own words, and to influence the public directly without needing to solicit coverage from news organizations. [8]
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	TERRORISM		[['''TERRORISM''']]

	YouTube was used by some terrorist organisations as a means to recruit and train followers via the Internet and to incite terrorist attacks around the world (“Hamas”, “Hezbollah”, “Al Qaeda”, “Islamic State”, etc.).		YouTube was used by some terrorist organisations as a means to recruit and train followers via the Internet and to incite terrorist attacks around the world (“Hamas”, “Hezbollah”, “Al Qaeda”, “Islamic State”, etc.).
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	Some researchers describe such activities as modern war, hybrid warfare or “YouTube War”. [5]		Some researchers describe such activities as modern war, hybrid warfare or “YouTube War”. [5]

	CENSORSHIP		[['''CENSORSHIP''']]

	Some countries react to YouTube’s impact. An interesting example is the government of Iran that reduced connection speed several years ago in order to limit its citizens’ access to video streaming in YouTube.		Some countries react to YouTube’s impact. An interesting example is the government of Iran that reduced connection speed several years ago in order to limit its citizens’ access to video streaming in YouTube.

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:27, 2 May 2022
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	===Technical Aspects===		===Technical Aspects===

	To handle the growth of YouTube as the most popular video streaming platform and the second most popular website on the Internet, the need for optimized technologies and appropriate infrastructures became more and more pronounced. In 2019, YouTube was responsible for 12% of the global downstream Internet traffic[4] and the annual cost for running and maintaining the platform is estimated at more than 6 million dollars[5].		To handle the growth of YouTube as the most popular video streaming platform and the second most popular website on the Internet, the need for optimized technologies and appropriate infrastructures became more and more pronounced. In 2019, YouTube was responsible for 12% of the global downstream Internet traffic<ref name=yt-bandwidth>Matthew Newman, "Netflix, YouTube cut bandwidth use in Europe with Covid-19 crisis; Asia, US stand firm", MLex Market Insight, [Online]. Available: https://mlexmarketinsight.com/news-hub/editors-picks/area-of-expertise/technology-media-telecoms/netflix-youtube-cut-bandwidth-use-in-europe-with-covid-19-crisis-asia-us-stand-firm [Accessed 01 05 2022]</ref> and the annual cost for running and maintaining the platform is estimated at more than 6 million dollars<ref name=40-facts>Danny Donchev, "40 Mind Blowing YouTube Facts, Figures and Statistics – 2022", FortuneLords, [Online]. Available: https://fortunelords.com/youtube-statistics/ [Accessed 01 05 2022]</ref>.

	====The Infrastructure====		====The Infrastructure====
	The backend infrastructure of YouTube is written in Python, C, C++, Java and Go[1]. All the data except the video files are stored in a database whose complexity has significantly increased over the years. It started as a simple MySQL database, then switched to a Master – Replica model where read operations were sent to mirrors to minimize the load on the main DB server (which was still taking care of the write operations). Later, as the database continued growing, another scaling method started being used: [https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/sharding/ sharding]. It allowed to spread the data (and thus the load) on multiple server groups (each group still being using the Master – Replica model). In addition, the data is stored in several data centers all across the world, enhancing reliability and performance. On top of that, YouTube deployed [https://vitess.io/ Vitess], an additional logic layer that brought better abstraction allowing developers to manage the database more easily and further improving its performances.~~[1]~~		The backend infrastructure of YouTube is written in Python, C, C++, Java and Go<ref name=srv-arch>Shivang Sarawagi, "YouTube Database – How Does It Store So Many Videos Without Running Out Of Storage Space?", [Online]. Available: https://www.scaleyourapp.com/youtube-database-how-does-it-store-so-many-videos-without-running-out-of-storage-space/ [Accessed 01 05 2022]</ref>. All the data except the video files are stored in a database whose complexity has significantly increased over the years. It started as a simple MySQL database, then switched to a Master – Replica model where read operations were sent to mirrors to minimize the load on the main DB server (which was still taking care of the write operations). Later, as the database continued growing, another scaling method started being used: [https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/sharding/ sharding]. It allowed to spread the data (and thus the load) on multiple server groups (each group still being using the Master – Replica model). In addition, the data is stored in several data centers all across the world, enhancing reliability and performance. On top of that, YouTube deployed [https://vitess.io/ Vitess], an additional logic layer that brought better abstraction allowing developers to manage the database more easily and further improving its performances.<ref name=srv-arch></ref>

	Video files are stored separately, on regular and cheap servers and HDDs. To store the hundreds of hours of video content uploaded every minute on YouTube, it uses services from the Google Cloud Platform[6] and solutions developed by Google such as the Google File System (GFS) and BigTable. These solutions are specifically designed to handle very large-scale datasets spread between thousand of machines, and are used by other Google products as well~~[1]~~.		Video files are stored separately, on regular and cheap servers and HDDs. To store the hundreds of hours of video content uploaded every minute on YouTube, it uses services from the Google Cloud Platform<ref name=gcp>Mayank Sharma, "YouTube infrastructure is shifting from private datacenters to Google Cloud", Tech Radar, [Online]. Available: https://www.techradar.com/news/youtube-infrastructure-is-shifting-from-private-datacenters-to-google-cloud [Accessed 01 05 2022]</ref> and solutions developed by Google such as the Google File System (GFS) and BigTable. These solutions are specifically designed to handle very large-scale datasets spread between thousand of machines, and are used by other Google products as well<ref name=srv-arch></ref>.

	Finally, YouTube takes advantage of Google’s [https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/cdn/what-is-a-cdn/ Content Delivery Network] (CDN) to improve its performances.		Finally, YouTube takes advantage of Google’s [https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/cdn/what-is-a-cdn/ Content Delivery Network] (CDN) to improve its performances.

	====Video Conversion & Buffering====		====Video Conversion & Buffering====
	Whenever a user uploads a video to YouTube, the video gets transcoded (converted) to various resolutions (from 144p to 4320p or 8K, as of 2022) and formats / codecs (mainly VP9, H.264 and AC1, depending on the number of views of the video[7]). Using different codecs allows YouTube to maintain a balance between the storage, bandwidth and computational costs, and also helps optimizing the bandwidth needed by the clients to play a video in a given resolution[2].		Whenever a user uploads a video to YouTube, the video gets transcoded (converted) to various resolutions (from 144p to 4320p or 8K, as of 2022) and formats / codecs (mainly VP9, H.264 and AC1, depending on the number of views of the video<ref name=srv-codecs>Jan Ozer, "Which Codecs Does YouTube Use?", Streaming Learning Center, [Online]. Available: https://streaminglearningcenter.com/codecs/which-codecs-does-youtube-use.html [Accessed 01 05 2022]</ref>). Using different codecs allows YouTube to maintain a balance between the storage, bandwidth and computational costs, and also helps optimizing the bandwidth needed by the clients to play a video in a given resolution<ref name=srv-encode>Shivang Sarawagi, "YouTube Architecture – How Does It Serve High-Quality Videos With Low Latency", [Online]. Available: https://www.scaleyourapp.com/youtube-architecture-how-does-it-serve-high-quality-videos-with-low-latency/ [Accessed 01 05 2022]</ref>.

	That said, the main upside of these transcoding tasks is the variety of resolutions available to the clients, and the possibility for YouTube’s video player to switch dynamically between these different video qualities. On servers, videos are stored by blocks (called ''chunks'') of only a few seconds. This every time a client retrieves video chunks, the choice between the different available resolutions is made according to the speed at which they were downloaded and processed, making sure to minimize buffering times~~[2]~~ (this is known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP].		That said, the main upside of these transcoding tasks is the variety of resolutions available to the clients, and the possibility for YouTube’s video player to switch dynamically between these different video qualities. On servers, videos are stored by blocks (called ''chunks'') of only a few seconds. This every time a client retrieves video chunks, the choice between the different available resolutions is made according to the speed at which they were downloaded and processed, making sure to minimize buffering times<ref name=srv-encode></ref> (this is known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP].

	===The Users’ Perspective===		===The Users’ Perspective===
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	====A Convenient Hub for Video Streaming====		====A Convenient Hub for Video Streaming====
	After being launched, YouTube quickly gained more and more popularity, providing a simple way for people to share and watch videos on the Internet, for free and with little restrictions. Currently, users can upload videos of up to 12 hours, worth a maximum of 256GB of data, extremely easily; while Vimeo, for example, restricts users to 500MB of free upload per week[8]. The various features made available to creators, including some editing possibilities, detailed analytics, and monetizing attracted creators, helping the platform’s video catalog growing quickly. This, in turn, attracted users who had other helpful features to find relevant content: the powerful search engine (YouTube is owned by Google), playlists, but also subscriptions and video suggestions. The two last ones are also part of what makes YouTube special: its social dimension.		After being launched, YouTube quickly gained more and more popularity, providing a simple way for people to share and watch videos on the Internet, for free and with little restrictions. Currently, users can upload videos of up to 12 hours, worth a maximum of 256GB of data, extremely easily; while Vimeo, for example, restricts users to 500MB of free upload per week<ref name=platform-comparison>"Video-Sharing Platforms: How Others Compare to YouTube and 6 to Try", Levitate Media [Online]. Available: https://levitatemedia.com/learn/video-sharing [Accessed 01 05 2022]</ref>. The various features made available to creators, including some editing possibilities, detailed analytics, and monetizing attracted creators, helping the platform’s video catalog growing quickly. This, in turn, attracted users who had other helpful features to find relevant content: the powerful search engine (YouTube is owned by Google), playlists, but also subscriptions and video suggestions. The two last ones are also part of what makes YouTube special: its social dimension.

	====With Social Features====		====With Social Features====
	Since its very beginning, YouTube has been thought out as a social platform. This led to features enabling people to react to the videos being posted, and allowing them to create communities. The concept of subscription, similar to the “''follow''” function of other social media, is a very common example. Comments are another important part of the interaction on the platform; it has evolved thoughout the years to receive voting and replying features. There have always been reaction mechanisms for videos as well: the current ''Thumb up / Thumb down'' system replaced the earlier five-star rating possibility. In 2016, the platform added a ''Community'' section to channels, allowing content creators to share texts and images to their community[9], with the possibility for people to comment, in a similar fashion to what was already possible with videos.<br>		Since its very beginning, YouTube has been thought out as a social platform. This led to features enabling people to react to the videos being posted, and allowing them to create communities. The concept of subscription, similar to the “''follow''” function of other social media, is a very common example. Comments are another important part of the interaction on the platform; it has evolved thoughout the years to receive voting and replying features. There have always been reaction mechanisms for videos as well: the current ''Thumb up / Thumb down'' system replaced the earlier five-star rating possibility. In 2016, the platform added a ''Community'' section to channels, allowing content creators to share texts and images to their community<ref name=community-feature>Sarah Perez, "YouTube gets its own social network with the launch of YouTube Community", Tech Crunch [Online]. Available: https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/13/youtube-gets-its-own-social-network-with-the-launch-of-youtube-community/ [Accessed 01 05 2022]</ref>, with the possibility for people to comment, in a similar fashion to what was already possible with videos.<br>
	In recent years, YouTube has also tried to implement some social features inspired from other social media, like ''Stories'' (2018) and ''Shorts'' (2020)[10].		In recent years, YouTube has also tried to implement some social features inspired from other social media, like ''Stories'' (2018) and ''Shorts'' (2020)<ref name=shorts-launch>Sarah Perez, "YouTube launches its TikTok rival, YouTube Shorts, initially in India", Tech Crunch [Online]. Available: https://techcrunch.com/2020/09/14/youtube-launches-its-tiktok-rival-youtube-shorts-initially-in-india/ [Accessed 01 05 2022]</ref>.

	Finally, one of the main similarity to other social media is the ability of the platform to recommend content based on user preferences. This recommendation algorithm is an important part of any social media, and YouTube is no exception.		Finally, one of the main similarity to other social media is the ability of the platform to recommend content based on user preferences. This recommendation algorithm is an important part of any social media, and YouTube is no exception.

	====The Algorithm====		====The Algorithm====
	Social media generally use recommendation algorithms to provide their users with relevant content and maximize the time they spend on the platform. In the case of YouTube, the algorithms started with only basic metrics like clicks, views and watch time. However since 2015-16 the content pushed to users by the platform became more tailored to users’ habits and preferences. To achieve this, three types of parameters are considered: personalization (according to the user’s history and actions), performance (interest in watching the video, watch time) and external factors (the user’s fields of interest, relevancy to the current season...)[11][13].<br>		Social media generally use recommendation algorithms to provide their users with relevant content and maximize the time they spend on the platform. In the case of YouTube, the algorithms started with only basic metrics like clicks, views and watch time. However since 2015-16 the content pushed to users by the platform became more tailored to users’ habits and preferences. To achieve this, three types of parameters are considered: personalization (according to the user’s history and actions), performance (interest in watching the video, watch time) and external factors (the user’s fields of interest, relevancy to the current season...)<ref name=algo-general>Jenn Chen, "How the YouTube algorithm works in 2022", Sprout Social [Online]. Available: https://sproutsocial.com/insights/youtube-algorithm/ [Accessed 01 05 2022]</ref><ref name=algo-metrics>"How does YouTube’s recommendation system work?", YouTube [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/intl/en_us/howyoutubeworks/product-features/recommendations/#signals-used-to-recommend-content [Accessed 01 05 2022]</ref>.<br>
	Once a user starts a video, he is being suggested other content that may be relevant, either according to the user’s profile, or because they cover similar topics or are often watched together.		Once a user starts a video, he is being suggested other content that may be relevant, either according to the user’s profile, or because they cover similar topics or are often watched together.

	From the content creator point of view, this model can raise concerns as they are incentivized to make videos according to what is privileged by the algorithm if they want to be make views. From their perspective, two metrics are utterly important, namely watch time and click-through rate. The former encourage creators to produce quality content that will retain viewers’ attention, while the latter essentially pushes these creators to make sensational titles and thumbnails, to trigger users’ curiosity[12].<br>		From the content creator point of view, this model can raise concerns as they are incentivized to make videos according to what is privileged by the algorithm if they want to be make views. From their perspective, two metrics are utterly important, namely watch time and click-through rate. The former encourage creators to produce quality content that will retain viewers’ attention, while the latter essentially pushes these creators to make sensational titles and thumbnails, to trigger users’ curiosity<ref name=titles-thumbnails>Veritasium, "My Video Went Viral. Here's Why", YouTube [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHsa9DqmId8 [Accessed 01 05 2022]</ref>.<br>
	All in all, YouTube’s goal is to retain users on their platform, which they try to do by pushing up content that will maximize user satisfaction.		All in all, YouTube’s goal is to retain users on their platform, which they try to do by pushing up content that will maximize user satisfaction.