User:Soberm - Revision history

Soberm: Blanked the page

2022-05-01T17:02:23Z

Blanked the page

Najung at 16:24, 1 May 2022

2022-05-01T16:24:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:24, 1 May 2022
Line 134:		Line 134:

	This page is primarily concerned with the dangers of social media data collection. An interesting case with that is the new cryptocurrency “Libra” from Facebook. Most crypto currencies encrypt transactions, promoting anonymity and giving people back their privacy. But Facebook is notoriously known for harvesting user data. That does not seem to fit with cryptocurrencies. In this chapter we’re looking into the ideas of “Libra” and also look at the opposite of data protection: What are the dangers of anonymity on the Internet?		This page is primarily concerned with the dangers of social media data collection. An interesting case with that is the new cryptocurrency “Libra” from Facebook. Most crypto currencies encrypt transactions, promoting anonymity and giving people back their privacy. But Facebook is notoriously known for harvesting user data. That does not seem to fit with cryptocurrencies. In this chapter we’re looking into the ideas of “Libra” and also look at the opposite of data protection: What are the dangers of anonymity on the Internet?
	In 2019, Facebook planned to create a cryptocurrency named Libra <ref> Associated Press (2019): Facebook plans its own currency for 2 billion-plus users. https://www.deseret.com/2019/6/18/20675911/facebook-plans-its-own-currency-for-2-billion-plus-users#this-undated-image-provided-by-calibra-shows-what-the-calibra-digital-wallet-app-might-look-like-facebook-formed-the-calibra-subsidiary-to-create-a-new-digital-currency-similar-to-bitcoin-for-global-use-one-that-could-drive-more-e-commerce-on-its-services-and-boost-ads-on-its-platforms-facebook-unveiled-the-ambitious-plan-tuesday-june-18-2019-calibra-via-ap </ref>. The plan was for the cryptocurrency to drive e-commerce ventures on its platform. Although Facebook is otherwise very well known for collecting and analyzing user data en masse, the company seems to be going in the opposite direction with its cryptocurrency. On June 18th, 2019, Mark Zuckerberg shared a long Facebook post about their crypto plans. He wrote “Libra's mission is to create a simple global financial infrastructure that empowers billions of people around the world. It's powered by blockchain technology, and the plan is to launch it in 2020” <ref>Mark Zuckerberg (2019): Facebook post: https://www.facebook.com/zuck/posts/10107693323579671 </ref>. He claims that the Libra Association is built on blockchain technology and is decentralized – meaning it is run by many different organizations instead of just one. “This is an important part of our vision for a privacy-focused social platform - where you can interact in all the ways you'd want privately, from messaging to secure payments”. Facebook Libra aims to become the first mainstream cryptocurrency and allows all kinds of payments. The potential use cases for the cryptocurrency are peer-to-peer funds transfer, online payments, brick-and-mortar payments, and in-game/in-app purchases. “If all goes well, you’ll even be able to apply for a loan or credit” <ref>Deyan G. (2022): Facebook’s Cryptocurrency [Libra Explained] https://techjury.net/blog/facebook-cryptocurrency/		In 2019, Facebook planned to create a cryptocurrency named Libra <ref name="associatedpress">Associated Press (2019): Facebook plans its own currency for 2 billion-plus users. https://www.deseret.com/2019/6/18/20675911/facebook-plans-its-own-currency-for-2-billion-plus-users#this-undated-image-provided-by-calibra-shows-what-the-calibra-digital-wallet-app-might-look-like-facebook-formed-the-calibra-subsidiary-to-create-a-new-digital-currency-similar-to-bitcoin-for-global-use-one-that-could-drive-more-e-commerce-on-its-services-and-boost-ads-on-its-platforms-facebook-unveiled-the-ambitious-plan-tuesday-june-18-2019-calibra-via-ap</ref>. The plan was for the cryptocurrency to drive e-commerce ventures on its platform. Although Facebook is otherwise very well known for collecting and analyzing user data en masse, the company seems to be going in the opposite direction with its cryptocurrency. On June 18th, 2019, Mark Zuckerberg shared a long Facebook post about their crypto plans. He wrote “Libra's mission is to create a simple global financial infrastructure that empowers billions of people around the world. It's powered by blockchain technology, and the plan is to launch it in 2020” <ref>Mark Zuckerberg (2019): Facebook post: https://www.facebook.com/zuck/posts/10107693323579671 </ref>. He claims that the Libra Association is built on blockchain technology and is decentralized – meaning it is run by many different organizations instead of just one. “This is an important part of our vision for a privacy-focused social platform - where you can interact in all the ways you'd want privately, from messaging to secure payments”. Facebook Libra aims to become the first mainstream cryptocurrency and allows all kinds of payments. The potential use cases for the cryptocurrency are peer-to-peer funds transfer, online payments, brick-and-mortar payments, and in-game/in-app purchases. “If all goes well, you’ll even be able to apply for a loan or credit” <ref>Deyan G. (2022): Facebook’s Cryptocurrency [Libra Explained] https://techjury.net/blog/facebook-cryptocurrency/
	</ref>.		</ref>.
	== The problems with Libra ==		== The problems with Libra ==
Line 142:		Line 142:

	== Cryptocurrencies and anonymity ==		== Cryptocurrencies and anonymity ==
	Many analysts believe that Zuckerberg wants to create a U.S. version of the Chinese app WeChat, which combines social networking, messaging, and payments in one app <ref> ~~Associated Press (2019): Facebook plans its own currency for 2 billion-plus users. https://www~~.deseret.com/2019/6/18/20675911/facebook-plans-its-own-currency-for-2-billion-plus-users#this-undated-image-provided-by-calibra-shows-what-the-calibra-digital-wallet-app-might-look-like-facebook-formed-the-calibra-subsidiary-to-create-a-new-digital-currency-similar-to-bitcoin-for-global-use-one-that-could-drive-more-e-commerce-on-its-services-and-boost-ads-on-its-platforms-facebook-unveiled-the-ambitious-plan-tuesday-june-18-2019-calibra-via-ap </ref> Facebook wants the same all-in-one app, only on a global scale. This will allow Facebook to display ads on WhatsApp and Instagram and let users pay directly for products and services through the app. If Facebook manages to institute Libra, it’ll be able to gather even more data on its users’ shopping preferences <ref>Deyan G. (2022): Facebook’s Cryptocurrency [Libra Explained] https://techjury.net/blog/facebook-cryptocurrency/		Many analysts believe that Zuckerberg wants to create a U.S. version of the Chinese app WeChat, which combines social networking, messaging, and payments in one app <ref name="associatedpress" />. Facebook wants the same all-in-one app, only on a global scale. This will allow Facebook to display ads on WhatsApp and Instagram and let users pay directly for products and services through the app. If Facebook manages to institute Libra, it’ll be able to gather even more data on its users’ shopping preferences <ref>Deyan G. (2022): Facebook’s Cryptocurrency [Libra Explained] https://techjury.net/blog/facebook-cryptocurrency/
	</ref>. The US Senate is also concerned about the Facebook currency. Back in 2019 they sent Mark Zuckerberg a letter and asked him seven questions about privacy and data with the Libra currency <ref> United States Senate (2019): Letter to Mark Zuckerberg. https://www.banking.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/5.9.19%20Facebook%20Letter.pdf </ref>. They haven’t heard back from him since then and until they get an answer to their questions, they want to postpone the launch of Libra. So far, many people worry that Facebook is not that serious about data protection, especially when one thinks about Facebook’s past actions. Recently cited Deyan G. from techjury.net (2022) wrote about the Libra project and quotes William Shakespeare “Don’t trust the person who has broken faith once.” Facebook is “not the paragon of trustworthiness”. The Cambridge Analytica Scandal from 2018 is still fresh in mind for a lot of users. Back then, Facebook harvested user data from about one million users for advertising during elections <ref> BBC (2021): Facebook sued for 'losing control' of users’ data.		</ref>. The US Senate is also concerned about the Facebook currency. Back in 2019 they sent Mark Zuckerberg a letter and asked him seven questions about privacy and data with the Libra currency <ref> United States Senate (2019): Letter to Mark Zuckerberg. https://www.banking.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/5.9.19%20Facebook%20Letter.pdf </ref>. They haven’t heard back from him since then and until they get an answer to their questions, they want to postpone the launch of Libra. So far, many people worry that Facebook is not that serious about data protection, especially when one thinks about Facebook’s past actions. Recently cited Deyan G. from techjury.net (2022) wrote about the Libra project and quotes William Shakespeare “Don’t trust the person who has broken faith once.” Facebook is “not the paragon of trustworthiness”. The Cambridge Analytica Scandal from 2018 is still fresh in mind for a lot of users. Back then, Facebook harvested user data from about one million users for advertising during elections <ref> BBC (2021): Facebook sued for 'losing control' of users’ data.
	https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-55998588 </ref>. Fears about a lack of data protection at Libra are therefore not unjustified.		https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-55998588 </ref>. Fears about a lack of data protection at Libra are therefore not unjustified.

Soberm: /* What is Meta’s metaverse */

2022-05-01T16:21:17Z

What is Meta’s metaverse

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:21, 1 May 2022
Line 87:		Line 87:

	Now that we’ve looked at various interpretations of metaverse, what is Zuckerberg’s appropriation or interpretation of this?		Now that we’ve looked at various interpretations of metaverse, what is Zuckerberg’s appropriation or interpretation of this?
	From what has been communicated so far, the metaverse will go hand in hand with microtransactions, cryptocurrency and the NFT market, but we also noticed a big focus in the workplace adaptation to these virtual spaces. ~~SOURCE~~		From what has been communicated so far, the metaverse will go hand in hand with microtransactions, cryptocurrency and the NFT market, but we also noticed a big focus in the workplace adaptation to these virtual spaces. <ref>Ball, M., 2021. Framework for the Metaverse — MatthewBall.vc. [online] MatthewBall.vc. Available at: <https://www.matthewball.vc/all/forwardtothemetaverseprimer> [Accessed 1 May 2022].</ref>

	Seemingly so, history will repeat itself, as Meta plans to develop everyone’s metaverse, to be the overarching private, closed-source company that will aim to become the default platform that will hold future services such as the game industry, other diverse applications of augmented reality and virtual reality, and any other private sector might want to invest hop on this trend. All while taking little risk and almost zero effort. (Will public services also be incorporated in this metaverse?)		Seemingly so, history will repeat itself, as Meta plans to develop everyone’s metaverse, to be the overarching private, closed-source company that will aim to become the default platform that will hold future services such as the game industry, other diverse applications of augmented reality and virtual reality, and any other private sector might want to invest hop on this trend. All while taking little risk and almost zero effort. (Will public services also be incorporated in this metaverse?)

Soberm: /* What is Meta’s metaverse */

2022-05-01T16:14:43Z

What is Meta’s metaverse

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:14, 1 May 2022
Line 91:		Line 91:
	Seemingly so, history will repeat itself, as Meta plans to develop everyone’s metaverse, to be the overarching private, closed-source company that will aim to become the default platform that will hold future services such as the game industry, other diverse applications of augmented reality and virtual reality, and any other private sector might want to invest hop on this trend. All while taking little risk and almost zero effort. (Will public services also be incorporated in this metaverse?)		Seemingly so, history will repeat itself, as Meta plans to develop everyone’s metaverse, to be the overarching private, closed-source company that will aim to become the default platform that will hold future services such as the game industry, other diverse applications of augmented reality and virtual reality, and any other private sector might want to invest hop on this trend. All while taking little risk and almost zero effort. (Will public services also be incorporated in this metaverse?)

	~~This is~~ merely ~~the continuation of~~ the evolution of capitalism into platform capitalism, ~~which~~ according to ~~Nick Scrnicek~~ <ref> Srnicek, N., 2020. Platform capitalism. Cambridge: Polity.</ref>. , ~~is minimum-effort capitalism where huge~~ companies ~~create~~ the intermediaries that host and connect the buyer to the seller. Traditionally, these would be physical shops, stores, but the difference here is the sheer dimension of which these platforms have taken form, and redefined the way that capitalism continues to evolve in our modern world. It would be as if the whole farmer’s market ground where some small farmer has their shack to sell potatoes was suddenly owned by a private company and not publicly managed by the local council.		One could explains this as merely the evolution of capitalism into platform capitalism, according to Srnicek <ref> Srnicek, N., 2020. Platform capitalism. Cambridge: Polity.</ref> or "friction-free capitalism", according to Bill Gates <ref>Domonkos, D., Myhrvold, N., Rinearson, P. and Gates, B., 2008. The road ahead. Harlow: Pearson Education.</ref>. Either way, it's when companies become the intermediaries that host and connect the buyer to the seller. Traditionally, these would be physical shops, stores, but the difference here is the sheer dimension of which these platforms have taken form, and redefined the way that capitalism continues to evolve in our modern world. It would be as if the whole farmer’s market ground where some small farmer has their shack to sell potatoes was suddenly owned by a private company and not publicly managed by the local council.

	==How will security concerns be implied in Meta’s metaverse?==		==How will security concerns be implied in Meta’s metaverse?==

Imfrit: /* Facebook user data */

2022-05-01T16:09:02Z

Facebook user data

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:09, 1 May 2022
Line 11:		Line 11:
	Since its inception Facebook developed a diverse number of functions and services and what started out as a platform to connect students in the US became a big multinational corporation expanding its influence into new areas of the economy and life. While it rose to become one of the most powerful social media platforms globally, its popularity also became the reason for an increasing interest of state actors to define limits of Facebook's power.		Since its inception Facebook developed a diverse number of functions and services and what started out as a platform to connect students in the US became a big multinational corporation expanding its influence into new areas of the economy and life. While it rose to become one of the most powerful social media platforms globally, its popularity also became the reason for an increasing interest of state actors to define limits of Facebook's power.

	=Facebook user data=		=Facebook user data - and its force=
	Agree to Terms and Conditions, how often do we just click the button without thinking about the consequences? Because who has the time to read the lengthy explanations for cookies, apps, and social media accounts? If everybody who uses Instagram accepts these terms and conditions, they cannot be too bad. This is a common human error called the bandwagon fallacy, where one assumes that if others carry out an action, they can as well Too few users question what traces of personal information they leave in a vast digital world and are thus unaware of the power they give to the companies responsible. Whether we consider Windows, Apple, or Facebook, in the information society we live in, the amount and quality of data equates to power. The most valuable information is personal data and Facebook has access to more of it than most other companies <ref> Www.idx.us. (2022). [online] Available at: https://www.idx.us/knowledge-center/personal-data-privacy-the-worlds-most-valuable-resource-and-how-to-protect-it#:~:text=The%20data%20universe%20will%20consist.</ref>		Agree to Terms and Conditions, how often do we just click the button without thinking about the consequences? Because who has the time to read the lengthy explanations for cookies, apps, and social media accounts? If everybody who uses Instagram accepts these terms and conditions, they cannot be too bad. This is a common human error called the bandwagon fallacy, where one assumes that if others carry out an action, they can as well Too few users question what traces of personal information they leave in a vast digital world and are thus unaware of the power they give to the companies responsible. Whether we consider Windows, Apple, or Facebook, in the information society we live in, the amount and quality of data equates to power. The most valuable information is personal data and Facebook has access to more of it than most other companies <ref> Www.idx.us. (2022). [online] Available at: https://www.idx.us/knowledge-center/personal-data-privacy-the-worlds-most-valuable-resource-and-how-to-protect-it#:~:text=The%20data%20universe%20will%20consist.</ref>

Imfrit: /* The power of Facebook data */

2022-05-01T16:06:53Z

The power of Facebook data

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:06, 1 May 2022
Line 11:		Line 11:
	Since its inception Facebook developed a diverse number of functions and services and what started out as a platform to connect students in the US became a big multinational corporation expanding its influence into new areas of the economy and life. While it rose to become one of the most powerful social media platforms globally, its popularity also became the reason for an increasing interest of state actors to define limits of Facebook's power.		Since its inception Facebook developed a diverse number of functions and services and what started out as a platform to connect students in the US became a big multinational corporation expanding its influence into new areas of the economy and life. While it rose to become one of the most powerful social media platforms globally, its popularity also became the reason for an increasing interest of state actors to define limits of Facebook's power.

	=~~The power of~~ Facebook data=		=Facebook user data=
	Agree to Terms and Conditions, how often do we just click the button without thinking about the consequences? Because who has the time to read the lengthy explanations for cookies, apps, and social media accounts? If everybody who uses Instagram accepts these terms and conditions, they cannot be too bad. This is a common human error called the bandwagon fallacy, where one assumes that if others carry out an action, they can as well Too few users question what traces of personal information they leave in a vast digital world and are thus unaware of the power they give to the companies responsible. Whether we consider Windows, Apple, or Facebook, in the information society we live in, the amount and quality of data equates to power. The most valuable information is personal data and Facebook has access to more of it than most other companies <ref> Www.idx.us. (2022). [online] Available at: https://www.idx.us/knowledge-center/personal-data-privacy-the-worlds-most-valuable-resource-and-how-to-protect-it#:~:text=The%20data%20universe%20will%20consist.</ref>		Agree to Terms and Conditions, how often do we just click the button without thinking about the consequences? Because who has the time to read the lengthy explanations for cookies, apps, and social media accounts? If everybody who uses Instagram accepts these terms and conditions, they cannot be too bad. This is a common human error called the bandwagon fallacy, where one assumes that if others carry out an action, they can as well Too few users question what traces of personal information they leave in a vast digital world and are thus unaware of the power they give to the companies responsible. Whether we consider Windows, Apple, or Facebook, in the information society we live in, the amount and quality of data equates to power. The most valuable information is personal data and Facebook has access to more of it than most other companies <ref> Www.idx.us. (2022). [online] Available at: https://www.idx.us/knowledge-center/personal-data-privacy-the-worlds-most-valuable-resource-and-how-to-protect-it#:~:text=The%20data%20universe%20will%20consist.</ref>

Line 28:		Line 28:
	This leads to one of ethics oldest discussions: do the intentions or the consequences matter. A utilitarian would argue that the using the data without consent would be acceptable only if terrorism was prevented, however not if no crime was stopped. Whilst in accordance with the good intention’s theory of Kant, independent of the outcome, if the data was just used to try to counteract crime the actions are ethically justified. Topics concerning the security of people should possibly not be handled by a money drive company, but by a governmental institution, but would Facebook then have the right to share the data?		This leads to one of ethics oldest discussions: do the intentions or the consequences matter. A utilitarian would argue that the using the data without consent would be acceptable only if terrorism was prevented, however not if no crime was stopped. Whilst in accordance with the good intention’s theory of Kant, independent of the outcome, if the data was just used to try to counteract crime the actions are ethically justified. Topics concerning the security of people should possibly not be handled by a money drive company, but by a governmental institution, but would Facebook then have the right to share the data?

	The discussion of what the data would be used for has an impact on the discussion whether the data should be stored at all. Users are unaware of the Big Data that Facebook controls and not educated on what their actions on the platforms result in. Additionally, most users are unaware of the unexplored potentially good or bad uses of the data. The battle for an individual’s privacy must be fought on several fronts. The awareness amongst users about these issues needs to increase, furthermore Facebook should provide clear information about what data they have and what they share with whom. Facebook will not do this voluntarily; it will require pressure from governing institutions for Facebook to subdue to the rules.		The discussion of what the data would be used for has an impact on the discussion whether the data should be stored at all. Users are unaware of the Big Data that Facebook controls and not educated on what their actions on the platforms result in. Additionally, most users are unaware of the unexplored potentially good or bad uses of the data. The battle for an individual’s privacy must be fought on several fronts. The awareness amongst users about these issues needs to increase, furthermore Facebook should provide clear information about what data they have and what they share with whom. Facebook will not do this voluntarily; it will require pressure from governing institutions for Facebook to subdue to the rules.



	=Meta - a sly rebranding for a monopoly on our reality=		=Meta - a sly rebranding for a monopoly on our reality=

Imfrit at 16:05, 1 May 2022

2022-05-01T16:05:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:05, 1 May 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
			=The Power of Facebook =

	[[File:220501Facebook Force.png]]		[[File:220501Facebook Force.png]]

Imfrit: /* The Dark Side */

2022-05-01T16:04:00Z

The Dark Side

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:04, 1 May 2022
Line 15:		Line 15:
	==The Dark Side==		==The Dark Side==
	Users need to agree to the conditions set by Facebook to use the website, thus giving them the authority to manage user-data. Facebook’s policies are constantly changing, additionally it makes a difference whether the user is American, European or from any other country, as laws and regulations limit Facebook’s power differently. Whilst American citizens are barely protected against data misuse, the EU constantly tightens their laws to ensure the security of the data. Thus, European Facebook users’ data is less prone to be violated. However, Facebook does share data with other businesses, more than just the public aspects of a profile. According to an article in the Guardian, in 2018 Facebook admitted to having given “special rights to information” to over 60 companies, such as Nike, Spotify and Amazon <ref> staff, G. and agencies (2018). Facebook reveals it gave 61 companies access to widely blocked user data. The Guardian. [online] 3 Jul. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/02/facebook-user-data-access-companies-privacy.</ref>. Despite increased public pressure, Facebook has yet to specify the exact content that was shared. Facebook's policies were put on the spotlight in 2016 when it was uncovered that Cambridge Analytica, a British data analysis provider, accessed the personal data of over 87 million Facebook users <ref> Hurtz, S. (n.d.). Cambridge Analytica: Neues Jahr, neuer Skandal? [online] Süddeutsche.de. Available at: https://www.sueddeutsche.de/digital/cambridge-analytica-facebook-brittany-kaiser-1.4747594.</ref>.		Users need to agree to the conditions set by Facebook to use the website, thus giving them the authority to manage user-data. Facebook’s policies are constantly changing, additionally it makes a difference whether the user is American, European or from any other country, as laws and regulations limit Facebook’s power differently. Whilst American citizens are barely protected against data misuse, the EU constantly tightens their laws to ensure the security of the data. Thus, European Facebook users’ data is less prone to be violated. However, Facebook does share data with other businesses, more than just the public aspects of a profile. According to an article in the Guardian, in 2018 Facebook admitted to having given “special rights to information” to over 60 companies, such as Nike, Spotify and Amazon <ref> staff, G. and agencies (2018). Facebook reveals it gave 61 companies access to widely blocked user data. The Guardian. [online] 3 Jul. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/02/facebook-user-data-access-companies-privacy.</ref>. Despite increased public pressure, Facebook has yet to specify the exact content that was shared. Facebook's policies were put on the spotlight in 2016 when it was uncovered that Cambridge Analytica, a British data analysis provider, accessed the personal data of over 87 million Facebook users <ref> Hurtz, S. (n.d.). Cambridge Analytica: Neues Jahr, neuer Skandal? [online] Süddeutsche.de. Available at: https://www.sueddeutsche.de/digital/cambridge-analytica-facebook-brittany-kaiser-1.4747594.</ref>.


	Furthermore, the company claimed to have influenced the 2016 presidential election on behalf of the Trump administration <ref>ingo, tomas and Rebiger, S. (2018). FAQ: Was wir über den Skandal um Facebook und Cambridge Analytica wissen [UPDATE]. [online] netzpolitik.org. Available at: https://netzpolitik.org/2018/cambridge-analytica-was-wir-ueber-das-groesste-datenleck-in-der-geschichte-von-facebook-wissen/.</ref>. The business offered an app through Facebook which legally gave them access to all 270 000 users who downloaded the software, however through a loophole in Facebook's security measures, the account information on all the friends were also retrieved. Thus, Cambridge Analytica had access to over 50 million US Facebook accounts. Experts argued that, using the methods of Cambridge Analytica, entirely changing a person’s belief was not possible, however certain behaviors could be provoked. The profiles were used to identify potential Trump and Clinton voters to create specific advertisements, posts and in this case also fake news, to either convince a potential Trump voter to vote or a potential Clinton voter not to vote <ref> Dachwitz, C.K. und I. (n.d.). Microtargeting und Manipulation: Von Cambridge Analytica zur Europawahl. [online] bpb.de. Available at: https://www.bpb.de/themen/medien-journalismus/digitale-desinformation/290522/microtargeting-und-manipulation-von-cambridge-analytica-zur-europawahl/.</ref>. Personalized advertisements have been used earlier in politics as well, Obama used it for his campaign, and they are legal. The method is called microtargeting and is constantly used by all media moguls for advertisements or to keep the user hooked to the screen. In the case of Cambridge Analytica, the data was obtained in an unauthorized manner and furthermore was employed to manipulate people.		Furthermore, the company claimed to have influenced the 2016 presidential election on behalf of the Trump administration <ref>ingo, tomas and Rebiger, S. (2018). FAQ: Was wir über den Skandal um Facebook und Cambridge Analytica wissen [UPDATE]. [online] netzpolitik.org. Available at: https://netzpolitik.org/2018/cambridge-analytica-was-wir-ueber-das-groesste-datenleck-in-der-geschichte-von-facebook-wissen/.</ref>. The business offered an app through Facebook which legally gave them access to all 270 000 users who downloaded the software, however through a loophole in Facebook's security measures, the account information on all the friends were also retrieved. Thus, Cambridge Analytica had access to over 50 million US Facebook accounts. Experts argued that, using the methods of Cambridge Analytica, entirely changing a person’s belief was not possible, however certain behaviors could be provoked. The profiles were used to identify potential Trump and Clinton voters to create specific advertisements, posts and in this case also fake news, to either convince a potential Trump voter to vote or a potential Clinton voter not to vote <ref> Dachwitz, C.K. und I. (n.d.). Microtargeting und Manipulation: Von Cambridge Analytica zur Europawahl. [online] bpb.de. Available at: https://www.bpb.de/themen/medien-journalismus/digitale-desinformation/290522/microtargeting-und-manipulation-von-cambridge-analytica-zur-europawahl/.</ref>. Personalized advertisements have been used earlier in politics as well, Obama used it for his campaign, and they are legal. The method is called microtargeting and is constantly used by all media moguls for advertisements or to keep the user hooked to the screen. In the case of Cambridge Analytica, the data was obtained in an unauthorized manner and furthermore was employed to manipulate people.

	If Cambridge Analytica’s methods are effective it becomes evident that with the amount of personal data held by Facebook, they also hold a lot of power as they can influence actions of individual targets. Facebook allowed the data mining to continue, even though they noticed the issue in 2015, they eliminated the app in 2016 and the business account was not suspended until 2018 <ref> Hurtz, S. (n.d.). Cambridge Analytica: Neues Jahr, neuer Skandal? [online] Süddeutsche.de. Available at: https://www.sueddeutsche.de/digital/cambridge-analytica-facebook-brittany-kaiser-1.4747594.</ref>. Although Kogan, from Cambridge Analytica, confirmed having “destroyed” all the data, there are multiple allegations that the process is not yet complete. Facebook lost control over personal data and was not able to ensure its deletion, thus one needs to consider whether Facebook should be allowed to wield such power, that can be pivotal in presidential elections, if it cannot ensure its security.		If Cambridge Analytica’s methods are effective it becomes evident that with the amount of personal data held by Facebook, they also hold a lot of power as they can influence actions of individual targets. Facebook allowed the data mining to continue, even though they noticed the issue in 2015, they eliminated the app in 2016 and the business account was not suspended until 2018 <ref> Hurtz, S. (n.d.). Cambridge Analytica: Neues Jahr, neuer Skandal? [online] Süddeutsche.de. Available at: https://www.sueddeutsche.de/digital/cambridge-analytica-facebook-brittany-kaiser-1.4747594.</ref>. Although Kogan, from Cambridge Analytica, confirmed having “destroyed” all the data, there are multiple allegations that the process is not yet complete. Facebook lost control over personal data and was not able to ensure its deletion, thus one needs to consider whether Facebook should be allowed to wield such power, that can be pivotal in presidential elections, if it cannot ensure its security.

	==The potential Good side==		==The potential Good side==
	Digital data profiles are not limited to exploitation but have the potential to be used for constructive actions. A study from 2018 suggests that Facebook activity can be used to predict the mental health of an individual <ref>Eichstaedt, J.C., Smith, R.J., Merchant, R.M., Ungar, L.H., Crutchley, P., Preoţiuc-Pietro, D., Asch, D.A. and Schwartz, H.A. (2018). Facebook language predicts depression in medical records. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, [online] 115(44), pp.11203–11208. Available at: https://www.pnas.org/content/115/44/11203 [Accessed 27 Mar. 2019].</ref>. This could help people suffering from depression, a mental health issue of increasing occurrence, of which too few cases are diagnosed. However, the use of Instagram and Facebook has proven to be harmful to mental health, despite being aware of it, Meta has not implemented any measures to counteract the impact of the platforms. Only the surface of the capabilities of personal data have been scratched. It is the manner these possibilities have been explored, which makes the users feel as if their data was violated and unsafe. The participants of the study consented to the use of their data; most people affected by Cambridge Analytica had not.		Digital data profiles are not limited to exploitation but have the potential to be used for constructive actions. A study from 2018 suggests that Facebook activity can be used to predict the mental health of an individual <ref>Eichstaedt, J.C., Smith, R.J., Merchant, R.M., Ungar, L.H., Crutchley, P., Preoţiuc-Pietro, D., Asch, D.A. and Schwartz, H.A. (2018). Facebook language predicts depression in medical records. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, [online] 115(44), pp.11203–11208. Available at: https://www.pnas.org/content/115/44/11203 [Accessed 27 Mar. 2019].</ref>. This could help people suffering from depression, a mental health issue of increasing occurrence, of which too few cases are diagnosed. However, the use of Instagram and Facebook has proven to be harmful to mental health, despite being aware of it, Meta has not implemented any measures to counteract the impact of the platforms. Only the surface of the capabilities of personal data have been scratched. It is the manner these possibilities have been explored, which makes the users feel as if their data was violated and unsafe. The participants of the study consented to the use of their data; most people affected by Cambridge Analytica had not.

Imfrit at 16:03, 1 May 2022

2022-05-01T16:03:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:03, 1 May 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:

	[[File~~:[[Media~~:220501Facebook Force.png]]]]		[[File:220501Facebook Force.png]]

Soberm: /* Who wants the Metaverse? */

2022-05-01T16:03:09Z

Who wants the Metaverse?

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:03, 1 May 2022
Line 51:		Line 51:
	In order to analyze where this fascination for the metaverse comes from, we can try and pay attention to what it was like before Zuckerberg appropriated the term Metaverse and try to trace back other sources of genuine interest in the topic. We can maybe trace back a connection to Virtual Reality becoming popularised, and maybe even spaces such as VR chat, which could be an example of what the Metaverse will look like, in Zuckerberg’s vision.		In order to analyze where this fascination for the metaverse comes from, we can try and pay attention to what it was like before Zuckerberg appropriated the term Metaverse and try to trace back other sources of genuine interest in the topic. We can maybe trace back a connection to Virtual Reality becoming popularised, and maybe even spaces such as VR chat, which could be an example of what the Metaverse will look like, in Zuckerberg’s vision.

	According to ~~Mirriam~~ Webster, some uses can be traced in the following excerpts:		According to Merriam-Webster<ref>Merriam-Webster. 2022. What is the 'metaverse'?. [online] Available at: <https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/meaning-of-metaverse> [Accessed 30 April 2022].</ref>, some uses can be traced in the following excerpts:

	''As a synonym of multiverse, meaning “a theoretical reality that includes a possibly infinite number of parallel universes.”		''As a synonym of multiverse, meaning “a theoretical reality that includes a possibly infinite number of parallel universes.”