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== Bits and Bytes ==
== Statistics I604 ==
 
  bit byte        
bit   1 0.125      
byte   8   1
 
Notes:The value of K (Kilo) during calculations can take two values 1024 or 1000, depends on which type of calculation you want to perform.
Consider using K = 1024 when you are considering storage capacity whether in hard disk, DVDs, flash drives or other devices and storage media.
K = 1000 should be used when you are thinking of throughput, ie the speed at which information is transferred.
 
Example: If your computer has 1 KB of disk space is says that he has 1024 B of space, now the throughput of your network card is 1 KB/s then
it is said that it transmits data to 1000 B/s.
 
  Bit (b)
  Byte (B)
  Kilobit (Kb)
  Kilobyte (KB)
  Megabit (Mb)
  Megabyte (MB)
  Gigabit (Gb)
  Gigabyte (GB)
 
    '''Binary Equivalents'''
    1 Nybble (or nibble)  =  4 bits
    1 Byte  =  2 nybbles  =  8 bits
    1 Kilobyte (KB)  =  1024 bytes
    1 Megabyte (MB)  =  1024 kilobytes  =  1,048,576 bytes
    1 Gigabyte (GB)  =  1024 megabytes  =  1,073,741,824 bytes
 
'''Show addition of X and Y in binary'''
   
   
    0 + 0 = 0
  Primary Study Materials:
    0 + 1 = 1
  '''Course Homepage:'''  http://www.cs.ioc.ee/ITKStat
    1 + 0 = 1
  '''e-Book:'''           http://onlinestatbook.com/Online_Statistics_Education.pdf
    1 + 1 = 0, and carry 1 to the next more significant bit
 
  '''Show subtraction of X and Y in binary'''
    0 - 0 = 0
    0 - 1 = 1, and borrow 1 from the next more significant bit
    1 - 0 = 1
    1 - 1 = 0
 
  '''Show multiplication of X and Y in binary'''
    0 x 0 = 0
    0 x 1 = 0
    1 x 0 = 0
    1 x 1 = 1, and no carry or borrow bits
 
== Git ==
 
    The object database contains four types of objects:
 
    A blob (binary large object) is the content of a file. Blobs have no file name, time stamps, or other metadata.
    A tree object is the equivalent of a directory. It contains a list of file names, each with some type bits and the name of a blob
    or tree object that is that file, symbolic link, or directory's contents. This object describes a snapshot of the source tree.
    A commit object links tree objects together into a history. It contains the name of a tree object (of the top-level source directory),
    a time stamp, a log message, and the names of zero or more parent commit objects.
    A tag object is a container that contains reference to another object and can hold additional meta-data related to another object.
    Most commonly, it is used to store a digital signature of a commit object corresponding to a particular release of the data being tracked by Git.
 
    '''heads'''
    refers to an object locally.
    '''remotes'''
    refers to an object which exists in a remote repository.
    '''stash'''
    refers to an object not yet committed.
    '''meta'''
    e.g. a configuration in a bare repository, user rights. The refs/meta/config namespace was introduced resp gets
    used by Gerrit (software)[clarification needed][45]
    '''tags'''
    see above.
 
'''Common Usage'''
 
'''create a new repository'''
create a new directory, open it and perform a
git init
to create a new git repository.
 
'''checkout a repository'''
create a working copy of a local repository by running the command
  git clone /path/to/repository
when using a remote server, your command will be
git clone username@host:/path/to/repository
 
'''workflow'''
your local repository consists of three "trees" maintained by git. the first one is your Working Directory
which holds the actual files. the second one is the Index which acts as a staging area and finally the HEAD
which points to the last commit you've made.  
 
  '''add & commit'''
You can propose changes (add it to the Index) using
git add <filename>
git add *
This is the first step in the basic git workflow. To actually commit these changes use
''git commit -m "Commit message"''
Now the file is committed to the HEAD, but not in your remote repository yet.
 
'''pushing changes'''
Your changes are now in the HEAD of your local working copy. To send those changes to your
remote repository, execute
''git push origin master''
Change master to whatever branch you want to push your changes to.
If you have not cloned an existing repository and want to connect your repository to a remote
server, you need to add it with
''git remote add origin <server>''
Now you are able to push your changes to the selected remote server
 
'''update & merge'''
to update your local repository to the newest commit, execute
''git pull''
in your working directory to fetch and merge remote changes.
to merge another branch into your active branch (e.g. master), use
''git merge <branch>''
in both cases git tries to auto-merge changes. Unfortunately, this is not always possible and results in conflicts.
You are responsible to merge those conflicts manually by  editing the files shown by git. After changing, you need to mark them as merged with
''git add <filename>''
before merging changes, you can also preview them by using
''git diff <source_branch> <target_branch>''
 
'''replace local changes'''
In case you did something wrong, which for sure never happens ;), you can replace local changes using the command
git checkout -- <filename>
this replaces the changes in your working tree with the last content in HEAD. Changes already added to the index,
as well as new files, will be kept.
If you instead want to drop all your local changes and commits, fetch the latest history from the server and point
your local master branch at it like this
git fetch origin
git reset --hard origin/master


  '''log'''
  Primary Software:
in its simplest form, you can study repository history using.. git log
You can add a lot of parameters to make the log look like what you want. To see only the commits of a certain author:
git log --author=bob
To see a very compressed log where each commit is one line:
git log --pretty=oneline
Or maybe you want to see an ASCII art tree of all the branches, decorated with the names of tags and branches:
git log --graph --oneline --decorate --all
See only which files have changed:
git log --name-status
These are just a few of the possible parameters you can use. For more, see git log --help
 
'''tagging'''
it's recommended to create tags for software releases. this is a known concept, which also exists in SVN.
You can create a new tag named 1.0.0 by executing
git tag 1.0.0 1b2e1d63ff
the 1b2e1d63ff stands for the first 10 characters of the commit id you want to reference with your tag.
You can get the commit id by looking at the...
 
== Decimal <--> Hexadecimal ==
 
Hexadecimal Decimal
    0           0
    1           1
    2           2
    3           3
    4           4
    5           5
    6           6
    7           7
    8           8
    9           9
    A           10
    B           11
    C           12
    D           13
    E           14
    F           15
 
 
Radio station is streaming MP3 audio at 192kbps. How many 500GB harddisks are required in order to archive 8 years of shows?
 
 
192 kbps = 192 000 bps
1 536 000 Bps
 
1500 Kb/s
1.46484375 MB/s
 
 
8 years = 2920 days = 70080 hours = 4204800 minutes = 252288000 seconds
 
 
172 228608 MB
16 8192 GB
336.384 500GB harddrives
 
== Audio and Images ==
 
'''Audio'''
In digital audio, 44,100 Hz (alternately represented as 44.1 kHz) is a common sampling frequency.
Analog audio is recorded by sampling it 44,100 times per second, and then these samples are used
to reconstruct the audio signal when playing it back.
 
'''Images'''
'''PNG''' supports palette-based images (with palettes of 24-bit RGB or 32-bit RGBA colors), grayscale images (with or without alpha channel),
and full-color non-palette-based RGB[A] images (with or without alpha channel). PNG was designed for transferring images on the Internet,
not for professional-quality print graphics, and therefore does not support non-RGB color spaces such as CMYK.
 
'''JPEG'''/JFIF supports a maximum image size of 65,535×65,535 pixels, hence up to 4 gigapixels (for an aspect ratio of 1:1).
JPEG is a commonly used method of lossy compression for digital images, particularly for those images
produced by digital photography. The degree of  compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable tradeoff between storage size
and image quality. JPEG typically achieves 10:1 compression with little perceptible loss in image quality.
 
----
 
'''Compact Disc'''
Capacity Typically up to 700 MiB (up to 80 minutes audio)
Read mechanism 780 nm wavelength (infrared and red edge) semiconductor laser, 1200 Kibit/s (1×)
Write mechanism 1200 Kibit/s (1×)
 
Sampling 4 bit audio (2^4) gives us only 16 values, a far cry from 16-bit audio's 65,536! sample rate.
'''Sample rate''' refers to the number of samples or measurements taken each  second from a recording.
The typical CD sample rate is 44.1kHz, or 44,100 samples per second.
 
The '''bit rate''' is quantified using the bits per second unit bit/s, often in conjunction with an SI prefix such as "kilo"
(1 kbit/s = 1000 bit/s), "mega" (1 Mbit/s = 1000 kbit/s), "giga" (1 Gbit/s = 1000 Mbit/s) or "tera" (1 Tbit/s = 1000 Gbit/s).
The non-standard abbreviation "bps" is often used to replace the standard symbol "bit/s", so that, for example, "1 Mbps" is
used to mean one million bits per second.
One byte per second (1 B/s) corresponds to 8 bit/s.
 
The '''RGB565 color format''' is the same as the RGB555 color format, except that 6 bits are used for
the green value instead of 5. Therefore, all 16 bits are in use. The  organization of the pixels
in the image buffer is from left to right and bottom up.
'''RGB888''' --> 24-bit RGB (888)
 
== Statistics Lecture One, 02.01.16 ==
'''Primary Material:'''
'''Course Homepage:''' http://www.cs.ioc.ee/ITKStat
'''e-Book:'''          http://onlinestatbook.com/Online_Statistics_Education.pdf
'''
'''Primary Software'''
  '''R:''' https://www.r-project.org/
  '''R:''' https://www.r-project.org/


'''Introduction to Statistics'''
== Python I703 ==
'''Descriptive''' statistics are used for presenting, organizing and summarizing data.
'''Inferential''' statistics are about drawing conclusions about a population based on data observed in a sample.


'''Data Analysis Process'''
'''Data collection and preparation:''' Collect Data, prepare codebook, set up structure of data, enter data, screen data for errors
'''Exploration of data:''' Descriptive statistics, graphs
'''Analysis:''' Explore relationship between variables, compare groups


== Python Lecture and Practicum Notes ==
    Get an idea what to do by next week. Ideas:
 
    '''1. Pyglet,pygame or kivy for a game or simulation:'''
'''Lecture 1'''
---------------
 
Get an idea what to do by next week. Ideas:
// '''1. Pyglet,pygame or kivy for a game or simulation:'''
     1.1. MP beat em' up
     1.1. MP beat em' up
     1.2. Survival space sim, use webcam for dynamic view
     1.2. Survival space sim, use webcam for dynamic view
Line 258: Line 21:
     http://learnpythonthehardway.org/
     http://learnpythonthehardway.org/


// '''2. WebApp'''
    '''2. WebApp'''
     2.1. Budget Management with a GUI
     2.1. Budget Management with a GUI


// '''Notes:'''  
    '''Notes:'''  
     * Set up RPi web-server
     * Set up RPi web-server
     * Use '''XMind''' to map the idea first
     * Use '''XMind''' to map the idea first
Line 269: Line 32:
     * Check out Notepad++
     * Check out Notepad++


== Web App Programming Lecture and Practicum Notes ==
== Web Application Programming I702 ==
  database: MySQL -- hosts data, indexed
   
  php: Generates html, server side language
  '''node.js'''
  Apache: reads php files and over excecution to PHP interpreter
'''ngix'''
  html: Structure and contents of the web page, (dom-tree)
  '''nchan'''
css: styling information
 
javascript: client side programming, interacts with html
  '''Useful links:'''
  ubuntu: hosts the programs ( packetization, tcp segmentation )
  http://enos.itcollege.ee/phpmyadmin/
  http://enos.itcollege.ee/~ksaareme
 
  '''W3C validation:''' https://validator.w3.org/
 
== Node.js ==
 
Stuff about node.js.
 
== Operating Systems ==


HTTP requests
Command line:
'''node.js -- php'''
'''ngix -- apache'''
'''nchan'''


http sockets, streaming push module
    '''Options modify the behavior of commands:'''
WAMP for Windows
        ls -a lists all contents of a directory, including hidden files and directories
        ls -l lists all contents in long format
        ls -t orders files and directories by the time they were last modified
        Multiple options can be used together, like ls -alt
    '''From the command line, you can also copy, move, and remove files and directories:'''
        cp copies files
        mv moves and renames files
        rm removes files
        rm -r removes directories
    '''Wildcards are useful for selecting groups of files and directories'''


http://enos.itcollege.ee/phpmyadmin/
PHP and APACHE is there


http://enos.itcollege.ee/~ksaareme to see changes


'''W3C validation''' https://validator.w3.org/
    '''Redirection reroutes standard input, standard output, and standard error.'''


== Node.js ==
    '''The common redirection commands are:'''
        > redirects standard output of a command to a file, overwriting previous content.
        >> redirects standard output of a command to a file, appending new content to old content.
        < redirects standard input to a command.
        | redirects standard output of a command to another command.


Stuff about node.js.
    '''A number of other commands are powerful when combined with redirection commands:'''
        sort: sorts lines of text alphabetically.
        uniq: filters duplicate, adjacent lines of text.
        grep: searches for a text pattern and outputs it.
        sed : searches for a text pattern, modifies it, and outputs it.

Latest revision as of 13:57, 6 February 2016

Statistics I604

Primary Study Materials:
Course Homepage:  http://www.cs.ioc.ee/ITKStat
e-Book:           http://onlinestatbook.com/Online_Statistics_Education.pdf

Primary Software:
R: https://www.r-project.org/

Python I703

    Get an idea what to do by next week. Ideas:
    1. Pyglet,pygame or kivy for a game or simulation:
    1.1. MP beat em' up
    1.2. Survival space sim, use webcam for dynamic view
    1.3. Planet rotation simulation
    Check out 
    http://nehe.gamedev.net/
    http://learnpythonthehardway.org/

    2. WebApp
    2.1. Budget Management with a GUI

   Notes: 
   * Set up RPi web-server
   * Use XMind to map the idea first
   * Run basic website and deploy webapp to it. 
   * Check out RPi components and sensors. 
   * Buy a breadboard.
   * Check out Notepad++

Web Application Programming I702

node.js
ngix
nchan

Useful links:
  http://enos.itcollege.ee/phpmyadmin/
  http://enos.itcollege.ee/~ksaareme

W3C validation: https://validator.w3.org/

Node.js

Stuff about node.js.

Operating Systems

Command line: 

   Options modify the behavior of commands:
       ls -a lists all contents of a directory, including hidden files and directories
       ls -l lists all contents in long format
       ls -t orders files and directories by the time they were last modified
       Multiple options can be used together, like ls -alt
   From the command line, you can also copy, move, and remove files and directories:
       cp copies files
       mv moves and renames files
       rm removes files
       rm -r removes directories
   Wildcards are useful for selecting groups of files and directories



   Redirection reroutes standard input, standard output, and standard error.

   The common redirection commands are:
       > redirects standard output of a command to a file, overwriting previous content.
       >> redirects standard output of a command to a file, appending new content to old content.
       < redirects standard input to a command.
       | redirects standard output of a command to another command.

   A number of other commands are powerful when combined with redirection commands:
       sort: sorts lines of text alphabetically.
       uniq: filters duplicate, adjacent lines of text.
       grep: searches for a text pattern and outputs it.
       sed : searches for a text pattern, modifies it, and outputs it.
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