Windows Powershell tutvustus
Sissejuhatus
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Autor
- Martin Jõgi
- Grupp A21
Üldine
Mis on Windows Powershell?
Windows powershell (2.0) on revolutsiooniline skriptimiskeel ja käsurea keskkond, mis elab Elab .NET Framework’i seljas. See on lisatud Windows 7 ja Windows Server 2008 R2 sisse. Powershell 2.0 võimaldab kaughaldust kõigile serveritele ja rakendustele, haldust on võimalik teha läbi Powershelli. Näiteks Exchange 2010, Windows Server 2008 R2(ning uuemad Microsofti server-tooted). Powershell 2.0-s ei pea oma masinasse enam rakenduste haldusliidest installima. Halduseks vajalikud käsud käitatakse serveril, käsurida jooksutatakse aga masinas. Powershellis pole vaja leida, paigaldada ega tundma õppida uusi tööriistu või käske - kõik on lihtsalt avastatav. Windows powershellil on paindlik väljund ehk ühe käsu väljund võib olla teise käsu sisendiks (nagu bash shellis). Windows Powershell vähendab tulemuse saavutamise aega säilitades ühtlase keele.
Tugevused:
- Järjekindel süntaks: Add, New, Get, Set, Remove, Clear, Connection, EventLog, Member, Printer, Service, Transaction ja WmiObject
- Komponeeritav: Interaktiivsed keskkonnad võimaldavad tükk-haaval lahenduste loomist ja lihtsalt kokkuseotav (“toru”) keeruliste ülesannete lahendamiseks.
- Tulemuste saavutamise aeg on palju lühem
- Laiendatavus Moodulid viivad asja järgmisele tasemele.
- Skriptimine Skriptimine ei ole enam ajutiste lahenduste leiutamiseks. Tööriistakomplekt on täienenud.
- Integreeritud läbi serveri rollide Active Directory®, Exchange, Group Policy, jne.
- Paindlik väljund: PowerShelli väljundiks on objektid, mida on lihtne teisendada ja tarbida järgmise käsu poolt (ei mingit tekstitöötlust!).
(Eneta, 2010)
Käsud
Moodulid
Scriptimise mugavuse muutmiseks on olemas Windows Powershell Pack, mis sisaldab 10 moodulit. See pakk aitab kirjutada kasutajaliideseid powershell scriptis, hallata RSS feede, toimetada Task Scheduler-s otse käsurealt jne. Tõmba siit: PowerShellPack Näiteks:
- Taskide haldamine:
PS> New-task |
Add-TaskTrigger -DayOfWeek Monday, Wednesday, Friday -WeeksInterval 2 -At "3:00 PM" |
Add-TaskAction -Script {
Get-Process | Out-GridView
Start-Sleep -Seconds 100
} |
Register-ScheduledTask TestTask
- RSS feedide töötlemine:
PS> Get-Feed | Get-Article | Sort-Object PubDate -Descending | Select-Object Title, Description -First 10 | Out-GridView
Ajalugu
Every released version of Microsoft DOS and Microsoft Windows for personal computers has featured a command-line interface tool. These are COMMAND.COM (in installations relying on MS-DOS, including Windows 9x) and cmd.exe (in Windows NT-family operating systems). These are regular command line interpreters that include only a handful of basic commands. For other purposes, a separate console application needs to be provided, to be invoked from these shells. They also include a scripting language (batch files), which can be used to automate various tasks. However, they cannot be used to automate all facets of GUI functionality, in part because command-line equivalents of operations exposed via the graphical interface are limited, and the scripting language is elementary, preventing the creation of complex scripts by composing available functionality. In Windows Server 2003, the situation was improved,[8] but scripting support was still considered unsatisfactory.
Microsoft attempted to address some of these shortcomings by introducing the Windows Script Host in 1998 with Windows 98, and its command-line based host: cscript.exe . It integrates with the Active Script engine and allows scripts to be written in compatible languages, such as JScript and VBScript, leveraging the APIs exposed by applications via COM. However, it has its own deficiencies, as well. It is not integrated with the shell, its documentation is not very accessible, and it quickly gained a reputation as a system vulnerability vector after several high-profile computer viruses exploited weaknesses in its security provisions. Different versions of Windows provided various special-purpose command line interpreters (such as netsh and WMIC) with their own command sets. None of them were integrated with the command shell; nor were they interoperable.
By 2003, Microsoft had started to develop a new shell called Monad (aka Microsoft Shell or MSH). Monad was to be a new extensible command shell with a fresh design that would be capable of automating a full range of core administrative tasks. Microsoft published the first Monad public beta release on June 17, 2005, Beta 2 on September 11, 2005, and Beta 3 on January 10, 2006. They announced on April 25, 2006 that Monad was renamed to Windows PowerShell, positioning it as a significant part of their management technology offerings.[9] Release Candidate 1 of PowerShell was released at the same time. Release Candidate 2 of PowerShell was released September 26, 2006 and released to web (RTW) on November 14, 2006. PowerShell for Vista was released on January 30, 2007.[10] The last CTP release of Windows PowerShell v2.0 was made available in December 2008.
PowerShell v2.0 was completed and released to manufacturing in August 2009, as an integral part to Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2. Versions of PowerShell for downlevel OSs (i.e. Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008) were released in October 2009 and are available for download for both 32-bit and 64-bit platforms.[11]
Näited
Mõned vajalikud käsud administraatoritele:
- Registry navigatsioon:
PS> cd hkcu:
- Stringide otsimine failidest (rekursiivne)
PS> dir –r | select string "searchforthis"
- Otsi 5 protsessi, mis võtab kõige rohkem mälu:
PS> ps | sort –p ws | select –last 5
- Service restartimine (nt. DHCP)
PS> Restart-Service DHCP
- Kuva kõik failid antud kaustas
PS> Get-ChildItem
- Insert the string "ABC" after the first character in the word "string" to have the result "sABCtring":
PS> "string".Insert(1, "ABC")
- Download a specific RSS feed and show the titles of the 8 most recent entries:
PS> $rssUrl = "http://blogs.msdn.com/powershell/rss.aspx"
PS> $blog = [xml](new-object System.Net.WebClient).DownloadString($rssUrl)
PS> $blog.rss.channel.item | select title -first 8
$x=new-object xml;$x.load("http://blogs.msdn.com/powershell/rss.aspx");$x.rss.channel.item|select title -f 8
- Sets $UserProfile to the value of the UserProfile environment variable
PS> $UserProfile = $env:UserProfile
- Cast a .Net Namespace, and call a method exposed by the cast
PS> [System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox]::Show("Hello, World!")
- Run a command line executable, with arguments.
PS> [Array]$arguments = "-h", "15", "www.google.com"
PS> tracert $arguments
Kokkuvõte
Windows PowerShell on käsurea keskkond ja skriptimiskeel on eelkõige just süsteemiülematele. Powershell sisaldab järgmisi funktsioone: Käske(cmdlets), et kiirendada administreerimist, skriptimise võimalus, objektidega manipuleerimine (objekte on võimalik saata mujale tööriistadesse või andmebaasi) ning palju muud. Powershell on loodud just mõeldes IT spetsialisti peale, et võimaldada Windows süsteemide ja rakenduste haldamist ning automatiseerimist. Minu arust on Powershell vägagi asjalik ning vajalik tööriist.
