Basics of C/C++ Programming

Introduction

Lecturers

Rait Liiv: rait.liiv@itcollege.ee

Janno Tomingas: janno.tomingas@itcollege.ee

C

Practices

Practice 1

Console input/output, conditions, loops, pointers, arrays, functions

Practice 2

File input/output, dynamic memory allocation, structs, .h/.c files

1. Write a program that outputs the contents of a text file into the console character by character.

Additional info:

Always close the file stream after you are done using it.

Make sure to check for error codes.

2. Write a program that dynamically allocates a small array of ints. Fill the array and print its contents. Free the memory after you're done using it.

3. Write a program that reads the contents of a whole text file into a dynamically sized array of characters (and outputs the information into a new file).

Additional info:

Use "fseek", "ftell" and "rewind" to find out how large the buffer should be.

Make sure you have enough room for a null terminator. (You may have to assign it to the end of the array yourself)

Remember to free the allocated memory after calling malloc or calloc.

Make sure to check for error codes.

4. Create an implementation of a stack data structure (Stack (abstract data type)) that uses a dynamically allocated array for storage.

• Required functions:
  • init - Initializes stack's variables and allocates required dynamic memory with an initial(default) size,
  • destroy - Frees all allocated memory and optionally resets other stored information for a stack,
  • push - Adds an element to the top of the stack,
  • peek - Gets the top element of the stack,
  • pop - Gets and removes the top element of the stack;

• Describe the stack struct and functions in a separate .h file,
• Implement the functions in a corresponding .c file,
• Test your stack with some operations. Remember to check for edge cases;

Hints:

• How do you know which element to access?
• How do you know if an array is full?
• How should the functions behave when a stack is empty?
• How should the functions behave when a stack is full?
• What will happen if any of the functions are called many times or in unexpected order?

5. Write a program that reads an unknown number of integers (each on a separate line) from a file into the stack you created. After reading the whole file, print out all ints that were read (in reverse order).

Assignment

Write a program that reads values from a file and outputs the result to stdout.

Input

Input file's name is "input.txt".

The file contains index-value pairs of integers on a single line. Integers in a pair are separated with a comma (,) and pairs are separated with a semicolon (;).

All indices between 0 and (count_of_pairs - 1) are guaranteed to be present.

The indices are guaranteed to be unique.

The indices are not guaranteed to appear in an ascending order.

Sample input: 1,4;0,2;2,8

Output

The program should output the differences between consecutive values as the index increases.

Output should be printed as a comma separated list of values on a single line to stdout.

For input:

0,1;2,4;1,2

Calculates:

0,1 to 1,2 -> 2 - 1 = 1
1,2 to 2,4 -> 4 - 2 = 2

And outputs:

1,2

Examples

->
0,2 -> 0
1,2;0,1 -> 1
1,4;0,2;2,8 -> 2,4
1,4;0,2;2,-2 -> 2,-6

Exploits

Assignment

Do some research on vulnerabilities related to the following topics:

• Buffer overflow (stack smashing, code injection, arc injection),
• Arithmetic over-/underflow,
• Memory leaks,
• Double free (and double delete),
• Formatted output,
• Concurrency,
• File I/O (symlinks, hardlinks);

Write an essay, that describes the causes, examples, and mitigation strategies for all of the topics.