User talk:Ksaareme
Reference page for I600 exam
Useful linux commands
Checking information
- lsb_release -a to check OS
- uname -sr to check OS kernel
- cat /proc/cpuinfo and check processor information.
- arch to check CPU architecture
- cat /proc/meminfo to check memory usage, RAM
- lspci -t -v -nn to enumerate PCI and PCI Express devices
- lsusb and lsusb -t to enumerate USB devices
- fdisk -l to enumerate disks and partitions
- lsblk to enumerate block devices
- xrandr to enumerate display outputs
- cat /proc/asound/cards to check which audio devices are available
- dmidecode to see even more information about your computer
- ifconfig -a or ip addr list to list all network interfaces
- iwconfig or iw list to list all wireless network interfaces
- hcitool dev to list bluetooth host controller.
- glxinfo to check 3D rendering capabilities, GPU
- lscpu info about cpu and processing units
- lshw - short info about hardware units, such as cpu, memory, disk, usb controllers, network adapters
- hwinfo –short info about hardware utility stuff
- lspci info about pci buses and devices connected to them
- lsscsi info about sata/scsi devices
- lsusb info about usb controllers and devices
- lsblk block information, harddrive partitions
- df –H info about disk space and partitions that are mounted
- fdisk –l info about partitions
- free –m info about used, free and total amount of RAM
- hdparm –i info about sata devices
Editing files
Linux Command Line
ls list files and directories
ls -a list all files and directories
mkdir make a directory
cd directory change to named directory
cd change to home-directory
cd ~ change to home-directory
cd .. change to parent directory
pwd display the path of the current directory
cp (copy)
cp file1 file2 is the command which makes a copy of file1 in the current working directory and calls it file2
What we are going to do now, is to take a file stored in an open access area of the file system, and use the cp command to copy it to your unixstuff directory.
First, cd to your unixstuff directory.
% cd ~/unixstuff
Then at the UNIX prompt, type,
% cp /vol/examples/tutorial/science.txt .
Note: Don't forget the dot . at the end. Remember, in UNIX, the dot means the current directory.
The above command means copy the file science.txt to the current directory, keeping the name the same.
(Note: The directory /vol/examples/tutorial/ is an area to which everyone in the school has read and copy access. If you are from outside the University, you can grab a copy of the file here. Use 'File/Save As..' from the menu bar to save it into your unixstuff directory.)
Exercise 2a
Create a backup of your science.txt file by copying it to a file called science.bak
2.2 Moving files
mv (move)
mv file1 file2 moves (or renames) file1 to file2
To move a file from one place to another, use the mv command. This has the effect of moving rather than copying the file, so you end up with only one file rather than two.
It can also be used to rename a file, by moving the file to the same directory, but giving it a different name.
We are now going to move the file science.bak to your backup directory.
First, change directories to your unixstuff directory (can you remember how?). Then, inside the unixstuff directory, type
% mv science.bak backups/.
Type ls and ls backups to see if it has worked.
2.3 Removing files and directories
rm (remove), rmdir (remove directory)
To delete (remove) a file, use the rm command. As an example, we are going to create a copy of the science.txt file then delete it.
Inside your unixstuff directory, type
% cp science.txt tempfile.txt % ls % rm tempfile.txt % ls
You can use the rmdir command to remove a directory (make sure it is empty first). Try to remove the backups directory. You will not be able to since UNIX will not let you remove a non-empty directory.
Exercise 2b
Create a directory called tempstuff using mkdir , then remove it using the rmdir command.
2.4 Displaying the contents of a file on the screen
clear (clear screen)
Before you start the next section, you may like to clear the terminal window of the previous commands so the output of the following commands can be clearly understood.
At the prompt, type
% clear
This will clear all text and leave you with the % prompt at the top of the window.
cat (concatenate)
The command cat can be used to display the contents of a file on the screen. Type:
% cat science.txt
As you can see, the file is longer than than the size of the window, so it scrolls past making it unreadable.
less
The command less writes the contents of a file onto the screen a page at a time. Type
% less science.txt
Press the [space-bar] if you want to see another page, and type [q] if you want to quit reading. As you can see, less is used in preference to cat for long files.
head
The head command writes the first ten lines of a file to the screen.
First clear the screen then type
% head science.txt
Then type
% head -5 science.txt
What difference did the -5 do to the head command?
tail
The tail command writes the last ten lines of a file to the screen.
Clear the screen and type
% tail science.txt
Q. How can you view the last 15 lines of the file?
2.5 Searching the contents of a file
Simple searching using less
Using less, you can search though a text file for a keyword (pattern). For example, to search through science.txt for the word 'science', type
% less science.txt
then, still in less, type a forward slash [/] followed by the word to search
/science
As you can see, less finds and highlights the keyword. Type [n] to search for the next occurrence of the word.
grep (don't ask why it is called grep)
grep is one of many standard UNIX utilities. It searches files for specified words or patterns. First clear the screen, then type
% grep science science.txt
As you can see, grep has printed out each line containg the word science.
Or has it ????
Try typing
% grep Science science.txt
The grep command is case sensitive; it distinguishes between Science and science.
To ignore upper/lower case distinctions, use the -i option, i.e. type
% grep -i science science.txt
To search for a phrase or pattern, you must enclose it in single quotes (the apostrophe symbol). For example to search for spinning top, type
% grep -i 'spinning top' science.txt
Some of the other options of grep are:
-v display those lines that do NOT match -n precede each matching line with the line number -c print only the total count of matched lines Try some of them and see the different results. Don't forget, you can use more than one option at a time. For example, the number of lines without the words science or Science is
% grep -ivc science science.txt
wc (word count)
A handy little utility is the wc command, short for word count. To do a word count on science.txt, type
% wc -w science.txt
To find out how many lines the file has, type
% wc -l science.txt
NMAP and SSH
NMAP
- Find my ip: ifconfig
- Scan networks: nmap <ip>
- Find live hosts: nmap -sP 192.168.0.*
- Scan specific port: nmap -p 80 server2.tecmint.com
- Scan a single ip address: nmap 192.168.1.1
- Scan a host name: nmap server1.cyberciti.biz
- Scan a host name with more info : nmap -v server1.cyberciti.biz
- Scan with disabled port scan: nmap -sn 192.168.2.1/24
- Read and scan from txt file: nmap -iL /tmp/test.txt
- Create the txt file to read from: cat > /tmp/test.txt
- Shut down a network: <sudo> shutdown -s -m \\192.168.1.1 or shutdown -h now
- nmap --iflist
SSH
- Connect: ssh collie.stanford.edu
- Log-in: ssh jhawkins@collie.stanford.edu
Instruction sets
nstruction sets may be categorized by the maximum number of operands explicitly specified in instructions.
(In the examples that follow, a, b, and c are (direct or calculated) addresses referring to memory cells, while reg1 and so on refer to machine registers.)
C = A+B
* 0-operand (zero-address machines), so called stack machines: All arithmetic operations take place using the top one or two positions on the stack: push a, push b, add, pop c. C = A+B needs four instructions. For stack machines, the terms "0-operand" and "zero-address" apply to arithmetic instructions, but not to all instructions, as 1-operand push and pop instructions are used to access memory.
*1-operand (one-address machines), so called accumulator machines, include early computers and many small microcontrollers: most instructions specify a single right operand (that is, constant, a register, or a memory location), with the implicit accumulator as the left operand (and the destination if there is one): load a, add b, store c. C = A+B needs three instructions.
*2-operand — many CISC and RISC machines fall under this category:
CISC — move A to C; then add B to C.
C = A+B needs two instructions. This effectively 'stores' the result without an explicit store instruction.
CISC — Often machines are limited to one memory operand per instruction: load a,reg1; add b,reg1; store reg1,c;
This requires a load/store pair for any memory movement regardless of whether the add result is an augmentation
stored to a different place, as in C = A+B, or the same memory location: A = A+B.
C = A+B needs three instructions.
RISC — Requiring explicit memory loads, the instructions would be: load a,reg1; load b,reg2; add reg1,reg2; store reg2,c.
C = A+B needs four instructions.
*3-operand, allowing better reuse of data:[5]
CISC — It becomes either a single instruction: add a,b,c
C = A+B needs one instruction.
or more typically: move a,reg1; add reg1,b,c as most machines are limited to two memory operands.
C = A+B needs two instructions.
RISC — arithmetic instructions use registers only, so explicit 2-operand load/store instructions are needed:
load a,reg1; load b,reg2; add reg1+reg2->reg3; store reg3,c;
C = A+B needs four instructions.
Unlike 2-operand or 1-operand, this leaves all three values a, b, and c in registers available for further reuse.[5]
LDA - Loads the contents of the memory address or integer into the accumulator ADD - Adds the contents of the memory address or integer to the accumulator STO - Stores the contents of the accumulator into the addressed location
ADD ;add one number to another number SUB ;subtract one number to another number INC ;increment a number by 1 DEC ;decrement a number by 1 MUL ;multiply numbers together OR ;boolean algebra function AND ;boolean algebra function NOT ;boolean algebra function XOR ;boolean algebra function JNZ ;jump to another section of code if a number is not zero (used for loops and ifs) JZ ;jump to another section of code if a number is zero (used for loops and ifs) JMP ;jump to another section of code (used for loops and ifs)
1 LDA #12 ;loads the number 12 into the accumulator 2 MUL #2 ;multiplies the accumulator by 2 = 24 3 SUB #6 ;take 6 away from the accumulator = 18 4 JNZ 6 ;if the accumulator <> 0 then goto line 6 5 SUB #5 ;take 5 away from the accumulator (this line isn't executed!) 6 STO 34 ;saves the accumulator result (18) to the memory address 34
Addressing Mode Symbol Example Description Memory Location LOAD 15 15 is treated as an address Integer # LOAD #15 15 is treated as a number Nothing HALT Some inst. dont need operands
