Mkisofs: Difference between revisions

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  mkisofs [ options ] [ -o filename ] pathspec [pathspec ...]  mkisofs  [ options ] [ -o filename ] -find [find expression]
  mkisofs [ options ] [ -o filename ] pathspec [pathspec ...]  mkisofs  [ options ] [ -o filename ] -find [find expression]


A mkisofs run needs one or more input directories or files and a name for the emerging filesystem image file. There are options for standards compliance, for filesystem attributes, and -most important here- for setting up boot entry points.  
-abstract FILE Specifies the abstract file name. There is space on the disc for 37 characters of information. This parameter can also be set in the file .mkisofsrc with ABST=filename. If specified in both places, the command line version is used. -A application_id Specifies a text string that will be written into the volume header. This should describe the application that will be on the disc. There is space on the disc for 128 characters of information. This parameter can also be set in the file .mkisofsrc with APPI=id. If specified in both places, the command line version is used. -allow-leading-dots -ldots Allow ISO9660 filenames to begin with a period. Usually, a leading dot is replaced with an underscore in order to maintain MS-DOS compatibility.
This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it happens to work on many systems. Use with caution. -allow-lowercase This options allows lower case characters to appear in iso9660 filenames.
This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it happens to work on some systems. Use with caution. -allow-multidot This options allows more than one dot to appear in iso9660 filenames. A leading dot is not affected by this option, it may be allowed separately using the -allow-leading-dots option.
This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it happens to work on many systems. Use with caution. -biblio FILE Specifies the bibliographic file name. There is space on the disc for 37 characters of information. This parameter can also be set in the file .mkisofsrc with BIBLO=filename. If specified in both places, the command line version is used. -cache-inodes Cache inode and device numbers to find hard links to files. If mkisofs finds a hard link (a file with multiple names), then the file will only appear once on the CD. This helps to save space on the CD. The option -cache-inodes is default on UNIX like operating systems. Be careful when using this option on a filesystem without unique inode numbers as it may result in files containing the wrong content on CD. -no-cache-inodes Do not cache inode and device numbers. This option is needed whenever a filesystem does not have unique inode numbers. It is the default on Cygwin. As the Microsoft operating system that runs below Cygwin is not POSIX compliant, it does not have unique inode numbers. Cygwin creates fake inode numbers from a hash algorithm that is not 100% correct. If mkisofs would cache inodes on Cygwin, it would believe that some files are identical although they are not. The result in this case are files that contain the wrong content if a significant amount of different files (> ~5000) is in inside the tree that is to be archived. This does not happen when the -no-cache-inodes is used, but the disadvantage is that mkisofs cannot detect hardlinks anymore and the resulting CD image may be larger than expected. -b eltorito_boot_image Specifies the path and filename of the boot image to be used when making an "El Torito" bootable CD. The pathname must be relative to the source path specified to mkisofs. This option is required to make an "El Torito" bootable CD. The boot image must be exactly the size of either a 1200, 1440, or a 2880 kB floppy, and mkisofs will use this size when creating the output iso9660 filesystem. It is assumed that the first 512 byte sector should be read from the boot image (it is essentially emulating a normal floppy drive). This will work, for example, if the boot image is a LILO based boot floppy.
If the boot image is not an image of a floppy, you need to add one of the options: -hard-disk-boot or -no-emul-boot. If the system should not boot off the emulated disk, use -no-boot.  


-o DISKPATH sets the result file name. E.g. "bootable.iso".  
If the -sort option has not been specified, the boot images are sorted with low priority (+2) to the beginning of the medium. If you don't like this, you need to specify a sort weight of 0 for the boot images.
-eltorito-alt-boot Start with a new set of "El Torito" boot parameters. This allows to have more than one El Torito boot on a CD. A maximum of 63 El Torito boot entries may be put on a single CD. -B img_sun4,img_sun4c,img_sun4m,img_sun4d,img_sun4e -sparc-boot img_sun4,img_sun4c,img_sun4m,img_sun4d,img_sun4e Specifies a comma separated list of boot images that are needed to make a bootable CD for sparc systems. Partition 0 is used for the ISO-9660 image, the first image file is mapped to partition 1. There may be empty fields in the comma separated list. The maximum number of possible partitions is 8 so it is impossible to specify more than 7 partition images. This option is required to make a bootable CD for Sun sparc systems. If the -B or -sparc-boot option has been specified, the first sector of the resulting image will contain a Sun disk label. This disk label specifies slice 0 for the iso9660 image and slice 1 ... slice 7 for the boot images that have been specified with this option. Byte offset 512 ... 8191 within each of the additional boot images must contain a primary boot that works for the appropriate sparc architecture. The rest of each of the images usually contains an ufs filesystem that is used primary kernel boot stage.
The implemented boot method is the boot method found with SunOS 4.x and SunOS 5.x. However, it does not depend on SunOS internals but only on properties of the Open Boot prom. For this reason, it should be usable for any OS that boots off a sparc system.  


-R enables normal Unix filenames and attributes by Rock Ridge extension. -r does the same but also changes access permissions to make all files readable by everybody.  
For more information also see the NOTES section below.  


-J enables MS-Windows UCS-2 names via Joliet extension.  
If the special filename ... is used, the actual and all following boot partitions are mapped to the previous partition. If mkisofs is called with -G image -B ... all boot partitions are mapped to the partition that contains the iso9660 filesystem image and the generic boot image that is located in the first 16 sectors of the disk is used for all architectures.
-G generic_boot_image Specifies the path and filename of the generic boot image to be used when making a generic bootable CD. The generic_boot_image will be placed on the first 16 sectors of the CD. The first 16 sectors are the sectors that are located before the iso9660 primary volume descriptor. If this option is used together with the -sparc-boot option, the Sun disk label will overlay the first 512 bytes of the generic boot image. -hard-disk-boot Specifies that the boot image used to create "El Torito" bootable CDs is a hard disk image. The hard disk image must begin with a master boot record that contains a single partition. -no-emul-boot Specifies that the boot image used to create "El Torito" bootable CDs is a 'no emulation' image. The system will load and execute this image without performing any disk emulation. -no-boot Specifies that the created "El Torito" CD should be marked as not bootable. The system will provide an emulated drive for the image, but will boot off a standard boot device. -boot-load-seg segment_address Specifies the load segment address of the boot image for no-emulation "El Torito" CDs. -boot-load-size load_sectors Specifies the number of "virtual" (512-byte) sectors to load in no-emulation mode. The default is to load the entire boot file. Some BIOSes may have problems if this is not a multiple of 4. -boot-info-table Specifies that a 56-byte table with information of the CD-ROM layout will be patched in at offset 8 in the boot file. If this option is given, the boot file is modified in the source filesystem, so make sure to make a copy if this file cannot be easily regenerated! See the EL TORITO BOOT INFO TABLE section for a description of this table. -C last_sess_start,next_sess_start This option is needed when mkisofs is used to create a CDextra or the image of a second session or a higher level session for a multi session disk. The option -C takes a pair of two numbers separated by a comma. The first number is the sector number of the first sector in the last session of the disk that should be appended to. The second number is the starting sector number of the new session. The expected pair of numbers may be retrieved by calling cdrecord -msinfo ... If the -C option is used in conjunction with the -M option, mkisofs will create a filesystem image that is intended to be a continuation of the previous session. If the -C option is used without the -M option, mkisofs will create a filesystem image that is intended to be used for a second session on a CDextra. This is a multi session CD that holds audio data in the first session and a ISO9660 filesystem in the second session. -c boot_catalog Specifies the path and filename of the boot catalog to be used when making an "El Torito" bootable CD. The pathname must be relative to the source path specified to mkisofs. This option is required to make a bootable CD. This file will be inserted into the output tree and not created in the source filesystem, so be sure the specified filename does not conflict with an existing file, as it will be excluded. Usually a name like "boot.catalog" is chosen.
If the -sort option has not been specified, the boot catalog sorted with low priority (+1) to the beginning of the medium. If you don't like this, you need to specify a sort weight of 0 for the boot catalog.
-check-oldnames Check all filenames imported from old session for compliance with actual mkisofs iso9660 file naming rules. It his option is not present, only names with a length > 31 are checked as these files are a hard violation of the iso9660 standard. -check-session FILE Check all old sessions for compliance with actual mkisofs iso9660 file naming rules. This is a high level option that is a combination of the options: -M FILE -C 0,0 -check-oldnames For the parameter FILE see description of -M option. -copyright FILE Specifies the Copyright file name. There is space on the disc for 37 characters of information. This parameter can also be set in the file .mkisofsrc with COPY=filename. If specified in both places, the command line version is used. -d Omit trailing period from files that do not have a period.
This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it happens to work on many systems. Use with caution. -D Do not use deep directory relocation, and instead just pack them in the way we see them.
If ISO9660:1999 has not been selected, this violates the ISO9660 standard, but it happens to work on many systems. Use with caution. -dir-mode mode Overrides the mode of directories used to create the image to mode. Specifying this option automatically enables Rock Ridge extensions. -dvd-video Generate DVD-Video compliant UDF file system. This is done by sorting the order of the content of the appropriate files and by adding padding between the files if needed. Note that the sorting only works if the DVD-Video filenames include upper case characters only. -f Follow symbolic links when generating the filesystem. When this option is not in use, symbolic links will be entered using Rock Ridge if enabled, otherwise the file will be ignored. -file-mode mode Overrides the mode of regular files used to create the image to mode. Specifying this option automatically enables Rock Ridge extensions. -gid gid Overrides the gid read from the source files to the value of gid. Specifying this option automatically enables Rock Ridge extensions. -gui Switch the behaviour for a GUI. This currently makes the output more verbose but may have other effects in future. -graft-points Allow to use graft points for filenames. If this option is used, all filenames are checked for graft points. The filename is divided at the first unescaped equal sign. All occurrences of '\\' and '=' characters must be escaped with '\\' if -graft-points has been specified. -hide glob Hide glob from being seen on the ISO9660 or Rock Ridge directory. glob is a shell wild-card-style pattern that must match any part of the filename or path. Multiple globs may be hidden. If glob matches a directory, then the contents of that directory will be hidden. In order to match a directory name, make sure the pathname does not include a trailing '/' character. All the hidden files will still be written to the output CD image file. Should be used with the -hide-joliet option. See README.hide for more details. -hide-list file A file containing a list of globs to be hidden as above. -hidden glob Add the hidden (existence) ISO9660 directory attribute for glob. This attribute will prevent glob from being listed on DOS based systems if the /A flag is not used for the listing. glob is a shell wild-card-style pattern that must match any part of the filename or path. In order to match a directory name, make sure the pathname does not include a trailing '/' character. Multiple globs may be hidden. -hidden-list file A file containing a list of globs to get the hidden attribute as above. -hide-joliet glob Hide glob from being seen on the Joliet directory. glob is a shell wild-card-style pattern that must match any part of the filename or path. Multiple globs may be hidden. If glob matches a directory, then the contents of that directory will be hidden. In order to match a directory name, make sure the pathname does not include a trailing '/' character. All the hidden files will still be written to the output CD image file. Should be used with the -hide option. See README.hide for more details. -hide-joliet-list file A file containing a list of globs to be hidden as above. -hide-joliet-trans-tbl Hide the TRANS.TBL files from the Joliet tree. These files usually don't make sense in the Joliet World as they list the real name and the ISO9660 name which may both be different from the Joliet name. -hide-rr-moved Rename the directory RR_MOVED to .rr_moved in the Rock Ridge tree. It seems to be impossible to completely hide the RR_MOVED directory from the Rock Ridge tree. This option only makes the visible tree better to understand for people who don't know what this directory is for. If you need to have no RR_MOVED directory at all, you should use the -D option. Note that in case that the -D option has been specified, the resulting filesystem is not ISO9660 level-1 compliant and will not be readable on MS-DOS. See also NOTES section for more information on the RR_MOVED directory. -input-charset charset Input charset that defines the characters used in local file names. To get a list of valid charset names, call mkisofs -input-charset help. To get a 1:1 mapping, you may use default as charset name. The default initial values are cp437 on DOS based systems and iso8859-1 on all other systems. See CHARACTER SETS section below for more details. -output-charset charset Output charset that defines the characters that will be used in Rock Ridge file names. Defaults to the input charset. See CHARACTER SETS section below for more details. -iso-level level Set the iso9660 conformance level. Valid numbers are 1..3 and 4.
With level 1, files may only consist of one section and filenames are restricted to 8.3 characters.  


-iso-level NUMBER sets the ISO 9660 Level of Interchange. Level 1 allows only 8.3 filenames. Level 2 allows up to 30 characters in filenames. Level 3 allows data files larger than 4 GiB - 1.  
With level 2, files may only consist of one section.  


-U violates ISO 9660 specs by allowing long case-sensitive filenames outside of said extensions. If you know that the reader can stand it, then this is a cheap way to get decent file names. But expect standard readers to become confused.  
With level 3, no restrictions (other than ISO-9660:1988) do apply.  


-V TEXT sets the ISO 9660 Volume ID. It can be up to 32 characters long and is often used by automounters as name of the mount directory for the filesystem.  
With all iso9660 levels from 1..3, all filenames are restricted to upper case letters, numbers and the underscore (_). The maximum filename length is restricted to 31 characters, the directory nesting level is restricted to 8 and the maximum path length is limited to 255 characters.  


-hide ISOPATH and -hide-joliet ISOPATH may be used to exclude a data file from the directory trees while still having its content in data blocks of the filesystem.  
Level 4 officially does not exists but mkisofs maps it to ISO-9660:1999 which is ISO-9660 version 2.  


-c ISOPATH sets the filename for the El Torito Boot Catalog. The file is created automatically if boot images are announced. If option -c is missing, then the file will not show up in the directory trees of the ISO filesystem.  
With level 4, an enhanced volume descriptor with version number and file structure version number set to 2 is emitted. There may be more than 8 levels of directory nesting, there is no need for a file to contain a dot and the dot has no more special meaning, file names do not have version numbers, the maximum length for files and directory is raised to 207. If Rock Ridge is used, the maximum ISO-9660 name length is reduced to 197.  


When creating Version 2 images, mkisofs emits an enhanced volume descriptor which looks similar to a primary volume descriptor but is slightly different. Be careful not to use broken software to make ISO-9660 images bootable by assuming a second PVD copy and patching this putative PVD copy into an El Torito VD.
-J Generate Joliet directory records in addition to regular iso9660 file names. This is primarily useful when the discs are to be used on Windows-NT or Windows-95 machines. The Joliet filenames are specified in Unicode and each path component can be up to 64 Unicode characters long. Note that Joliet is no standard - CD's that use only Joliet extensions but no standard Rock Ridge extensions may usually only be used on Microsoft Win32 systems. Furthermore, the fact that the filenames are limited to 64 characters and the fact that Joliet uses the UTF-16 coding for Unicode characters causes interoperability problems. -joliet-long Allow Joliet filenames to be up to 103 Unicode characters. This breaks the Joliet specification - but appears to work. Use with caution. The number 103 is derived from: the maximum Directory Record Length (254), minus the length of Directory Record (33), minus CD-ROM XA System Use Extension Information (14), divided by the UTF-16 character size (2). -jcharset charset Same as using -input-charset charset and -J options. See CHARACTER SETS section below for more details. -l Allow full 31 character filenames. Normally the ISO9660 filename will be in an 8.3 format which is compatible with MS-DOS, even though the ISO9660 standard allows filenames of up to 31 characters. If you use this option, the disc may be difficult to use on a MS-DOS system, but this comes in handy on some other systems (such as the Amiga). Use with caution. -L Outdated option reserved by POSIX.1-2001, use -allow-leading-dots instead. This option will get POSIX.1-2001 semantics with mkisofs-2.02. -log-file log_file Redirect all error, warning and informational messages to log_file instead of the standard error. -m glob Exclude glob from being written to CDROM. glob is a shell wild-card-style pattern that must match part of the filename (not the path as with option -x). Technically glob is matched against the d->d_name part of the directory entry. Multiple globs may be excluded. Example:
mkisofs -o rom -m '*.o' -m core -m foobar
would exclude all files ending in ".o", called "core" or "foobar" to be copied to CDROM. Note that if you had a directory called "foobar" it too (and of course all its descendants) would be excluded.
NOTE: The -m and -x option description should both be updated, they are wrong. Both now work identical and use filename globbing. A file is excluded if either the last component matches or the whole path matches.
-exclude-listfile A file containing a list of globs to be exclude as above. -max-iso9660-filenames Allow 37 chars in iso9660 filenames. This option forces the -N option as the extra name space is taken from the space reserved for ISO-9660 version numbers.
This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it happens to work on many systems. Although a conforming application needs to provide a buffer space of at least 37 characters, disks created with this option may cause a buffer overflow in the reading operating system. Use with extreme care. -M path or -M device or -dev device Specifies path to existing iso9660 image to be merged. The alternate form takes a SCSI device specifier that uses the same syntax as the dev= parameter of cdrecord. The output of mkisofs will be a new session which should get written to the end of the image specified in -M. Typically this requires multi-session capability for the recorder and cdrom drive that you are attempting to write this image to. This option may only be used in conjunction with the -C option. -N Omit version numbers from ISO9660 file names.
This violates the ISO9660 standard, but no one really uses the version numbers anyway. Use with caution. -new-dir-mode mode Mode to use when creating new directories in the iso fs image. The default mode is 0555. -nobak -no-bak Do not include backup files files on the iso9660 filesystem. If the -no-bak option is specified, files that contain the characters '~' or '#' or end in '.bak' will not be included (these are typically backup files for editors under unix). -force-rr Do not use the automatic Rock Ridge attributes recognition for previous sessions. This helps to show rotten iso9660 extension records as e.g. created by NERO burning ROM. -no-rr Do not use the Rock Ridge attributes from previous sessions. This may help to avoid getting into trouble when mkisofs finds illegal Rock Ridge signatures on an old session. -no-split-symlink-components Don't split the SL components, but begin a new Continuation Area (CE) instead. This may waste some space, but the SunOS 4.1.4 cdrom driver has a bug in reading split SL components (link_size = component_size instead of link_size += component_size).
Note that this option has been introduced by Eric Youngdale in 1997. It is questionable whether it makes sense at all. When it has been introduced, mkisofs did have a serious bug that did create defective CE signatures if a symlink contained '/../'. This CE signature bug in mkisofs has been fixed in May 2003.
-no-split-symlink-fields Don't split the SL fields, but begin a new Continuation Area (CE) instead. This may waste some space, but the SunOS 4.1.4 and Solaris 2.5.1 cdrom driver have a bug in reading split SL fields (a '/' can be dropped).
Note that this option has been introduced by Eric Youngdale in 1997. It is questionable whether it makes sense at all. When it has been introduced, mkisofs did have a serious bug that did create defective CE signatures if a symlink contained '/../'. This CE signature bug in mkisofs has been fixed in May 2003.
-o filename is the name of the file to which the iso9660 filesystem image should be written. This can be a disk file, a tape drive, or it can correspond directly to the device name of the optical disc writer. If not specified, stdout is used. Note that the output can also be a block special device for a regular disk drive, in which case the disk partition can be mounted and examined to ensure that the premastering was done correctly. -pad Pad the end of the whole image by 150 sectors (300 kB). If the option -B is used, then there is a padding at the end of the iso9660 partition and before the beginning of the boot partitions. The size of this padding is chosen to make the first boot partition start on a sector number that is a multiple of 16.
The padding is needed as many operating systems (e.g. Linux) implement read ahead bugs in their filesystem I/O. These bugs result in read errors on one or more files that are located at the end of a track. They are usually present when the CD is written in Track at Once mode or when the disk is written as mixed mode CD where an audio track follows the data track.
To avoid problems with I/O error on the last file on the filesystem, the -pad option has been made the default.
-no-pad Do not Pad the end by 150 sectors (300 kB) and do not make the the boot partitions start on a multiple of 16 sectors. -path-listfile A file containing a list of pathspec directories and filenames to be added to the ISO9660 filesystem. This list of pathspecs are processed after any that appear on the command line. If the argument is -, then the list is read from the standard input. -P Outdated option reserved by POSIX.1-2001, use -publisher instead. This option will get POSIX.1-2001 semantics with mkisofs-2.02. -publisher publisher_id Specifies a text string that will be written into the volume header. This should describe the publisher of the CDROM, usually with a mailing address and phone number. There is space on the disc for 128 characters of information. This parameter can also be set in the file .mkisofsrc with PUBL=. If specified in both places, the command line version is used. -p preparer_id Specifies a text string that will be written into the volume header. This should describe the preparer of the CDROM, usually with a mailing address and phone number. There is space on the disc for 128 characters of information. This parameter can also be set in the file .mkisofsrc with PREP=. If specified in both places, the command line version is used. -print-size Print estimated filesystem size in multiples of the sector size (2048 bytes) and exit. This option is needed for Disk At Once mode and with some CD-R drives when piping directly into cdrecord. In this case it is needed to know the size of the filesystem before the actual CD-creation is done. The option -print-size allows to get this size from a "dry-run" before the CD is actually written. Old versions of mkisofs did write this information (among other information) to stderr. As this turns out to be hard to parse, the number without any other information is now printed on stdout too. If you like to write a simple shell script, redirect stderr and catch the number from stdout. This may be done with:
cdblocks=' mkisofs -print-size -quiet ... '
mkisofs ... | cdrecord ... tsize=${cdblocks}s -
-quiet This makes mkisofs even less verbose. No progress output will be provided. -R Generate SUSP and RR records using the Rock Ridge protocol to further describe the files on the iso9660 filesystem. -r This is like the -R option, but file ownership and modes are set to more useful values. The uid and gid are set to zero, because they are usually only useful on the author's system, and not useful to the client. All the file read bits are set true, so that files and directories are globally readable on the client. If any execute bit is set for a file, set all of the execute bits, so that executables are globally executable on the client. If any search bit is set for a directory, set all of the search bits, so that directories are globally searchable on the client. All write bits are cleared, because the CD-Rom will be mounted read-only in any case. If any of the special mode bits are set, clear them, because file locks are not useful on a read-only file system, and set-id bits are not desirable for uid 0 or gid 0. When used on Win32, the execute bit is set on all files. This is a result of the lack of file permissions on Win32 and the Cygwin POSIX emulation layer. See also -uid -gid, -dir-mode, -file-mode and -new-dir-mode. -relaxed-filenames The option -relaxed-filenames allows ISO9660 filenames to include digits, upper case characters and all other 7 bit ASCII characters (resp. anything except lowercase characters).
This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it happens to work on many systems. Use with caution. -root dir Moves all files and directories into dir in the image. This is essentially the same as using -graft-points and adding dir in front of every pathspec, but is easier to use.
dir may actually be several levels deep. It is created with the same permissions as other graft points.
-old-root dir This option is necessary when writing a multisession image and the previous (or even older) session was written with -root dir. Using a directory name not found in the previous session causes mkisofs to abort with an error.
Without this option, mkisofs would not be able to find unmodified files and would be forced to write their data into the image once more.
-root and -old-root are meant to be used together to do incremental backups. The initial session would e.g. use: mkisofs -root backup_1 dirs. The next incremental backup with mkisofs -root backup_2 -old-root backup_1 dirs. would take another snapshot of these directories. The first snapshot would be found in backup_1, the second one in backup_2, but only modified or new files need to be written into the second session.
Without these options, new files would be added and old ones would be preserved. But old ones would be overwritten if the file was modified. Recovering the files by copying the whole directory back from CD would also restore files that were deleted intentionally. Accessing several older versions of a file requires support by the operating system to choose which sessions are to be mounted.
-sort sort file Sort file locations on the media. Sorting is controlled by a file that contains pairs of filenames and sorting offset weighting. If the weighting is higher, the file will be located closer to the beginning of the media, if the weighting is lower, the file will be located closer to the end of the media. There must be only one space or tabs character between the filename and the weight and the weight must be the last characters on a line. The filename is taken to include all the characters up to, but not including the last space or tab character on a line. This is to allow for space characters to be in, or at the end of a filename. This option does not sort the order of the file names that appear in the ISO9660 directory. It sorts the order in which the file data is written to the CD image - which may be useful in order to optimize the data layout on a CD. See README.sort for more details. -sparc-boot img_sun4,img_sun4c,img_sun4m,img_sun4d,img_sun4e See -B option above. -sparc-label label Set the Sun disk label name for the Sun disk label that is created with the -sparc-boot option. -split-output Split the output image into several files of approximately 1 GB. This helps to create DVD sized iso9660 images on operating systems without large file support. Cdrecord will concatenate more than one file into a single track if writing to a DVD. To make -split-output work, the -o filename option must be specified. The resulting outout images will be named: filename_00,filename_01,filename_02... -stream-media-size # Select streaming operation and set the media size to # sectors. This allows you to pipe the output of the tar program into mkisofs and to create a iso9660 filesystem without the need of an intermediate tar archive file. If this option has been specified, mkisofs reads from stdin and creates a file with the name STREAM.IMG. The maximum size of the file (with padding) is 200 sectors less than the specified media size. If -no-pad has been specified, the file size is 50 sectors less than the specified media size. If the file is smaller, then mkisofs will write padding. This may take a while.
The option -stream-media-size creates simple iso9660 filesystems only and may not used together with multi-session or hybrid filesystem options.
-stream-file-name name Reserved for future use. -sunx86-bootUFS-img,,,AUX1-img Specifies a comma separated list of filesystem images that are needed to make a bootable CD for Solaris x86 systems.
Note that partition 1 is used for the ISO-9660 image and that partition 2 is the whole disk, so partition 1 and 2 may not be used by external partition data. The first image file is mapped to partition 0. There may be empty fields in the comma separated list, and list entries for partition 1 and 2 must be empty. The maximum number of supported partitions is 8 (although the Solaris x86 partition table could support up to 16 partitions), so it is impossible to specify more than 6 partition images. This option is required to make a bootable CD for Solaris x86 systems.
If the -sunx86-boot option has been specified, the first sector of the resulting image will contain a PC fdisk label with a Solaris type 0x82 fdisk partition that starts at offset 512 and spans the whole CD. In addition, for the Solaris type 0x82 fdisk partition, there is a SVr4 disk label at offset 1024 in the first sector of the CD. This disk label specifies slice 0 for the first (usually UFS type) filesystem image that is used to boot the PC and slice 1 for the iso9660 image. Slice 2 spans the whole CD slice 3 ... slice 7 may be used for additional filesystem images that have been specified with this option.
A Solaris x86 boot CD uses a 1024 byte sized primary boot that uses the El-Torito no-emulation boot mode and a secondary generic boot that is in CD sectors 1..15. For this reason, both -b bootimage -no-emul-boot and -G genboot must be specified.
-sunx86-labellabel Set the SVr4 disk label name for the SVr4 disk label that is created with the -sunx86-boot option. -sysid ID Specifies the system ID. There is space on the disc for 32 characters of information. This parameter can also be set in the file .mkisofsrc with SYSI=system_id. If specified in both places, the command line version is used. -T Generate a file TRANS.TBL in each directory on the CDROM, which can be used on non-Rock Ridge capable systems to help establish the correct file names. There is also information present in the file that indicates the major and minor numbers for block and character devices, and each symlink has the name of the link file given. -table-nameTABLE_NAME Alternative translation table file name (see above). Implies the -T option. If you are creating a multi-session image you must use the same name as in the previous session. -ucs-level level Set Unicode conformance level in the Joliet SVD. The default level is 3. It may be set to 1..3 using this option. -udf Include UDF support in the generated filesystem image. UDF support is currently in alpha status and for this reason, it is not possible to create UDF only images. UDF data structures are currently coupled to the Joliet structures, so there are many pitfalls with the current implementation. There is no UID/GID support, there is no POSIX permission support, there is no support for symlinks. Note that UDF wastes the space from sector ~20 to sector 256 at the beginning of the disk in addition to the spcae needed for real UDF data structures. -uid uid Overrides the uid read from the source files to the value of uid. Specifying this option automatically enables Rock Ridge extensions. -use-fileversion The option -use-fileversion allows mkisofs to use file version numbers from the filesystem. If the option is not specified, mkisofs creates a version number of 1 for all files. File versions are strings in the range ;1 to ;32767 This option is the default on VMS. -U Allows "Untranslated" filenames, completely violating the iso9660 standards described above. Forces on the -d, -l, -N, -allow-leading-dots, -relaxed-filenames, -allow-lowercase, -allow-multidot and -no-iso-translate flags. It allows more than one '.' character in the filename, as well as mixed case filenames. This is useful on HP-UX system, where the built-in CDFS filesystem does not recognize ANY extensions. Use with extreme caution. -no-iso-translate Do not translate the characters '#' and '~' which are invalid for iso9660 filenames. These characters are though invalid often used by Microsoft systems.
This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it happens to work on many systems. Use with caution. -V volid Specifies the volume ID (volume name or label) to be written into the master block. There is space on the disc for 32 characters of information. This parameter can also be set in the file .mkisofsrc with VOLI=id. If specified in both places, the command line version is used. Note that if you assign a volume ID, this is the name that will be used as the mount point used by the Solaris volume management system and the name that is assigned to the disc on a Microsoft Win32 or Apple Mac platform. -volset ID Specifies the volset ID. There is space on the disc for 128 characters of information. This parameter can also be set in the file .mkisofsrc with VOLS=volset_id. If specified in both places, the command line version is used. -volset-size # Sets the volume set size to #. The volume set size is the number of CD's that are in a CD volume set. A volume set is a collection of one or more volumes, on which a set of files is recorded.
Volume Sets are not intended to be used to create a set numbered CD's that are part of e.g. a Operation System installation set of CD's. Volume Sets are rather used to record a big directory tree that would not fit on a single volume. Each volume of a Volume Set contains a description of all the directories and files that are recorded on the volumes where the sequence numbers are less than, or equal to, the assigned Volume Set Size of the current volume.
Mkisofs currently does not support a -volset-size that is larger than 1.
The option -volset-size must be specified before -volset-seqno on each command line.
-volset-seqno # Sets the volume set sequence number to #. The volume set sequence number is the index number of the current CD in a CD set. The option -volset-size must be specified before -volset-seqno on each command line. -v Verbose execution. If given twice on the command line, extra debug information will be printed. -x path Exclude path from being written to CDROM. path must be the complete pathname that results from concatenating the pathname given as command line argument and the path relative to this directory. Multiple paths may be excluded. Example:
mkisofs -o cd -x /local/dir1 -x /local/dir2 /local
NOTE: The -m and -x option description should both be updated, they are wrong. Both now work identical and use filename globbing. A file is excluded if either the last component matches or the whole path matches.
-z Generate special RRIP records for transparently compressed files. This is only of use and interest for hosts that support transparent decompression, such as Linux 2.4.14 or later. You must specify the -R or -r options to enable RockRidge, and generate compressed files using the mkzftree utility before running mkisofs. Note that transparent compression is a nonstandard Rock Ridge extension. The resulting disks are only transparently readable if used on Linux. On other operating systems you will need to call mkzftree by hand to decompress the files.
-b ISOPATH announces a data file as El Torito boot image for PC-BIOS.  
-b ISOPATH announces a data file as El Torito boot image for PC-BIOS.  


Revision as of 16:16, 30 December 2014

Autor

Raivo Tammus - AK21


Sissejuhatus ja ülevaade [1]

Mkisofs (make iso files) on käsk, mida kasutatakse CD kuvandite tegemiseks ISO 9660 standardi järgi. An ISO 9660 file system is a standard CD-ROM file system that allows you to read the same CD-ROM whether you're on a PC, Mac, or other major computer platform.[3] mkisofs is effectively a pre-mastering program to generate an ISO9660/JOLIET/HFS hybrid filesystem. mkisofs is capable of generating the System Use Sharing Protocol records (SUSP) specified by the Rock Ridge Interchange Protocol. This is used to further describe the files in the iso9660 filesystem to a unix host, and provides information such as longer filenames, uid/gid, posix permissions, symbolic links, block and character devices.

vt siit lisaks:

http://wiki.osdev.org/Mkisofs

http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2009/06/how-to-mount-view-iso-file-as-root-and-non-root-user-in-unix/

Käsu formaat [2]

mkisofs [ options ] [ -o filename ] pathspec [pathspec ...]  mkisofs  [ options ] [ -o filename ] -find [find expression]

-abstract FILE Specifies the abstract file name. There is space on the disc for 37 characters of information. This parameter can also be set in the file .mkisofsrc with ABST=filename. If specified in both places, the command line version is used. -A application_id Specifies a text string that will be written into the volume header. This should describe the application that will be on the disc. There is space on the disc for 128 characters of information. This parameter can also be set in the file .mkisofsrc with APPI=id. If specified in both places, the command line version is used. -allow-leading-dots -ldots Allow ISO9660 filenames to begin with a period. Usually, a leading dot is replaced with an underscore in order to maintain MS-DOS compatibility. 

This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it happens to work on many systems. Use with caution. -allow-lowercase This options allows lower case characters to appear in iso9660 filenames.
This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it happens to work on some systems. Use with caution. -allow-multidot This options allows more than one dot to appear in iso9660 filenames. A leading dot is not affected by this option, it may be allowed separately using the -allow-leading-dots option.
This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it happens to work on many systems. Use with caution. -biblio FILE Specifies the bibliographic file name. There is space on the disc for 37 characters of information. This parameter can also be set in the file .mkisofsrc with BIBLO=filename. If specified in both places, the command line version is used. -cache-inodes Cache inode and device numbers to find hard links to files. If mkisofs finds a hard link (a file with multiple names), then the file will only appear once on the CD. This helps to save space on the CD. The option -cache-inodes is default on UNIX like operating systems. Be careful when using this option on a filesystem without unique inode numbers as it may result in files containing the wrong content on CD. -no-cache-inodes Do not cache inode and device numbers. This option is needed whenever a filesystem does not have unique inode numbers. It is the default on Cygwin. As the Microsoft operating system that runs below Cygwin is not POSIX compliant, it does not have unique inode numbers. Cygwin creates fake inode numbers from a hash algorithm that is not 100% correct. If mkisofs would cache inodes on Cygwin, it would believe that some files are identical although they are not. The result in this case are files that contain the wrong content if a significant amount of different files (> ~5000) is in inside the tree that is to be archived. This does not happen when the -no-cache-inodes is used, but the disadvantage is that mkisofs cannot detect hardlinks anymore and the resulting CD image may be larger than expected. -b eltorito_boot_image Specifies the path and filename of the boot image to be used when making an "El Torito" bootable CD. The pathname must be relative to the source path specified to mkisofs. This option is required to make an "El Torito" bootable CD. The boot image must be exactly the size of either a 1200, 1440, or a 2880 kB floppy, and mkisofs will use this size when creating the output iso9660 filesystem. It is assumed that the first 512 byte sector should be read from the boot image (it is essentially emulating a normal floppy drive). This will work, for example, if the boot image is a LILO based boot floppy.

If the boot image is not an image of a floppy, you need to add one of the options: -hard-disk-boot or -no-emul-boot. If the system should not boot off the emulated disk, use -no-boot.

If the -sort option has not been specified, the boot images are sorted with low priority (+2) to the beginning of the medium. If you don't like this, you need to specify a sort weight of 0 for the boot images. -eltorito-alt-boot Start with a new set of "El Torito" boot parameters. This allows to have more than one El Torito boot on a CD. A maximum of 63 El Torito boot entries may be put on a single CD. -B img_sun4,img_sun4c,img_sun4m,img_sun4d,img_sun4e -sparc-boot img_sun4,img_sun4c,img_sun4m,img_sun4d,img_sun4e Specifies a comma separated list of boot images that are needed to make a bootable CD for sparc systems. Partition 0 is used for the ISO-9660 image, the first image file is mapped to partition 1. There may be empty fields in the comma separated list. The maximum number of possible partitions is 8 so it is impossible to specify more than 7 partition images. This option is required to make a bootable CD for Sun sparc systems. If the -B or -sparc-boot option has been specified, the first sector of the resulting image will contain a Sun disk label. This disk label specifies slice 0 for the iso9660 image and slice 1 ... slice 7 for the boot images that have been specified with this option. Byte offset 512 ... 8191 within each of the additional boot images must contain a primary boot that works for the appropriate sparc architecture. The rest of each of the images usually contains an ufs filesystem that is used primary kernel boot stage. The implemented boot method is the boot method found with SunOS 4.x and SunOS 5.x. However, it does not depend on SunOS internals but only on properties of the Open Boot prom. For this reason, it should be usable for any OS that boots off a sparc system.

For more information also see the NOTES section below.

If the special filename ... is used, the actual and all following boot partitions are mapped to the previous partition. If mkisofs is called with -G image -B ... all boot partitions are mapped to the partition that contains the iso9660 filesystem image and the generic boot image that is located in the first 16 sectors of the disk is used for all architectures. -G generic_boot_image Specifies the path and filename of the generic boot image to be used when making a generic bootable CD. The generic_boot_image will be placed on the first 16 sectors of the CD. The first 16 sectors are the sectors that are located before the iso9660 primary volume descriptor. If this option is used together with the -sparc-boot option, the Sun disk label will overlay the first 512 bytes of the generic boot image. -hard-disk-boot Specifies that the boot image used to create "El Torito" bootable CDs is a hard disk image. The hard disk image must begin with a master boot record that contains a single partition. -no-emul-boot Specifies that the boot image used to create "El Torito" bootable CDs is a 'no emulation' image. The system will load and execute this image without performing any disk emulation. -no-boot Specifies that the created "El Torito" CD should be marked as not bootable. The system will provide an emulated drive for the image, but will boot off a standard boot device. -boot-load-seg segment_address Specifies the load segment address of the boot image for no-emulation "El Torito" CDs. -boot-load-size load_sectors Specifies the number of "virtual" (512-byte) sectors to load in no-emulation mode. The default is to load the entire boot file. Some BIOSes may have problems if this is not a multiple of 4. -boot-info-table Specifies that a 56-byte table with information of the CD-ROM layout will be patched in at offset 8 in the boot file. If this option is given, the boot file is modified in the source filesystem, so make sure to make a copy if this file cannot be easily regenerated! See the EL TORITO BOOT INFO TABLE section for a description of this table. -C last_sess_start,next_sess_start This option is needed when mkisofs is used to create a CDextra or the image of a second session or a higher level session for a multi session disk. The option -C takes a pair of two numbers separated by a comma. The first number is the sector number of the first sector in the last session of the disk that should be appended to. The second number is the starting sector number of the new session. The expected pair of numbers may be retrieved by calling cdrecord -msinfo ... If the -C option is used in conjunction with the -M option, mkisofs will create a filesystem image that is intended to be a continuation of the previous session. If the -C option is used without the -M option, mkisofs will create a filesystem image that is intended to be used for a second session on a CDextra. This is a multi session CD that holds audio data in the first session and a ISO9660 filesystem in the second session. -c boot_catalog Specifies the path and filename of the boot catalog to be used when making an "El Torito" bootable CD. The pathname must be relative to the source path specified to mkisofs. This option is required to make a bootable CD. This file will be inserted into the output tree and not created in the source filesystem, so be sure the specified filename does not conflict with an existing file, as it will be excluded. Usually a name like "boot.catalog" is chosen. If the -sort option has not been specified, the boot catalog sorted with low priority (+1) to the beginning of the medium. If you don't like this, you need to specify a sort weight of 0 for the boot catalog. -check-oldnames Check all filenames imported from old session for compliance with actual mkisofs iso9660 file naming rules. It his option is not present, only names with a length > 31 are checked as these files are a hard violation of the iso9660 standard. -check-session FILE Check all old sessions for compliance with actual mkisofs iso9660 file naming rules. This is a high level option that is a combination of the options: -M FILE -C 0,0 -check-oldnames For the parameter FILE see description of -M option. -copyright FILE Specifies the Copyright file name. There is space on the disc for 37 characters of information. This parameter can also be set in the file .mkisofsrc with COPY=filename. If specified in both places, the command line version is used. -d Omit trailing period from files that do not have a period. 

This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it happens to work on many systems. Use with caution. -D Do not use deep directory relocation, and instead just pack them in the way we see them.
If ISO9660:1999 has not been selected, this violates the ISO9660 standard, but it happens to work on many systems. Use with caution. -dir-mode mode Overrides the mode of directories used to create the image to mode. Specifying this option automatically enables Rock Ridge extensions. -dvd-video Generate DVD-Video compliant UDF file system. This is done by sorting the order of the content of the appropriate files and by adding padding between the files if needed. Note that the sorting only works if the DVD-Video filenames include upper case characters only. -f Follow symbolic links when generating the filesystem. When this option is not in use, symbolic links will be entered using Rock Ridge if enabled, otherwise the file will be ignored. -file-mode mode Overrides the mode of regular files used to create the image to mode. Specifying this option automatically enables Rock Ridge extensions. -gid gid Overrides the gid read from the source files to the value of gid. Specifying this option automatically enables Rock Ridge extensions. -gui Switch the behaviour for a GUI. This currently makes the output more verbose but may have other effects in future. -graft-points Allow to use graft points for filenames. If this option is used, all filenames are checked for graft points. The filename is divided at the first unescaped equal sign. All occurrences of '\\' and '=' characters must be escaped with '\\' if -graft-points has been specified. -hide glob Hide glob from being seen on the ISO9660 or Rock Ridge directory. glob is a shell wild-card-style pattern that must match any part of the filename or path. Multiple globs may be hidden. If glob matches a directory, then the contents of that directory will be hidden. In order to match a directory name, make sure the pathname does not include a trailing '/' character. All the hidden files will still be written to the output CD image file. Should be used with the -hide-joliet option. See README.hide for more details. -hide-list file A file containing a list of globs to be hidden as above. -hidden glob Add the hidden (existence) ISO9660 directory attribute for glob. This attribute will prevent glob from being listed on DOS based systems if the /A flag is not used for the listing. glob is a shell wild-card-style pattern that must match any part of the filename or path. In order to match a directory name, make sure the pathname does not include a trailing '/' character. Multiple globs may be hidden. -hidden-list file A file containing a list of globs to get the hidden attribute as above. -hide-joliet glob Hide glob from being seen on the Joliet directory. glob is a shell wild-card-style pattern that must match any part of the filename or path. Multiple globs may be hidden. If glob matches a directory, then the contents of that directory will be hidden. In order to match a directory name, make sure the pathname does not include a trailing '/' character. All the hidden files will still be written to the output CD image file. Should be used with the -hide option. See README.hide for more details. -hide-joliet-list file A file containing a list of globs to be hidden as above. -hide-joliet-trans-tbl Hide the TRANS.TBL files from the Joliet tree. These files usually don't make sense in the Joliet World as they list the real name and the ISO9660 name which may both be different from the Joliet name. -hide-rr-moved Rename the directory RR_MOVED to .rr_moved in the Rock Ridge tree. It seems to be impossible to completely hide the RR_MOVED directory from the Rock Ridge tree. This option only makes the visible tree better to understand for people who don't know what this directory is for. If you need to have no RR_MOVED directory at all, you should use the -D option. Note that in case that the -D option has been specified, the resulting filesystem is not ISO9660 level-1 compliant and will not be readable on MS-DOS. See also NOTES section for more information on the RR_MOVED directory. -input-charset charset Input charset that defines the characters used in local file names. To get a list of valid charset names, call mkisofs -input-charset help. To get a 1:1 mapping, you may use default as charset name. The default initial values are cp437 on DOS based systems and iso8859-1 on all other systems. See CHARACTER SETS section below for more details. -output-charset charset Output charset that defines the characters that will be used in Rock Ridge file names. Defaults to the input charset. See CHARACTER SETS section below for more details. -iso-level level Set the iso9660 conformance level. Valid numbers are 1..3 and 4.

With level 1, files may only consist of one section and filenames are restricted to 8.3 characters.

With level 2, files may only consist of one section.

With level 3, no restrictions (other than ISO-9660:1988) do apply.

With all iso9660 levels from 1..3, all filenames are restricted to upper case letters, numbers and the underscore (_). The maximum filename length is restricted to 31 characters, the directory nesting level is restricted to 8 and the maximum path length is limited to 255 characters.

Level 4 officially does not exists but mkisofs maps it to ISO-9660:1999 which is ISO-9660 version 2.

With level 4, an enhanced volume descriptor with version number and file structure version number set to 2 is emitted. There may be more than 8 levels of directory nesting, there is no need for a file to contain a dot and the dot has no more special meaning, file names do not have version numbers, the maximum length for files and directory is raised to 207. If Rock Ridge is used, the maximum ISO-9660 name length is reduced to 197.

When creating Version 2 images, mkisofs emits an enhanced volume descriptor which looks similar to a primary volume descriptor but is slightly different. Be careful not to use broken software to make ISO-9660 images bootable by assuming a second PVD copy and patching this putative PVD copy into an El Torito VD. -J Generate Joliet directory records in addition to regular iso9660 file names. This is primarily useful when the discs are to be used on Windows-NT or Windows-95 machines. The Joliet filenames are specified in Unicode and each path component can be up to 64 Unicode characters long. Note that Joliet is no standard - CD's that use only Joliet extensions but no standard Rock Ridge extensions may usually only be used on Microsoft Win32 systems. Furthermore, the fact that the filenames are limited to 64 characters and the fact that Joliet uses the UTF-16 coding for Unicode characters causes interoperability problems. -joliet-long Allow Joliet filenames to be up to 103 Unicode characters. This breaks the Joliet specification - but appears to work. Use with caution. The number 103 is derived from: the maximum Directory Record Length (254), minus the length of Directory Record (33), minus CD-ROM XA System Use Extension Information (14), divided by the UTF-16 character size (2). -jcharset charset Same as using -input-charset charset and -J options. See CHARACTER SETS section below for more details. -l Allow full 31 character filenames. Normally the ISO9660 filename will be in an 8.3 format which is compatible with MS-DOS, even though the ISO9660 standard allows filenames of up to 31 characters. If you use this option, the disc may be difficult to use on a MS-DOS system, but this comes in handy on some other systems (such as the Amiga). Use with caution. -L Outdated option reserved by POSIX.1-2001, use -allow-leading-dots instead. This option will get POSIX.1-2001 semantics with mkisofs-2.02. -log-file log_file Redirect all error, warning and informational messages to log_file instead of the standard error. -m glob Exclude glob from being written to CDROM. glob is a shell wild-card-style pattern that must match part of the filename (not the path as with option -x). Technically glob is matched against the d->d_name part of the directory entry. Multiple globs may be excluded. Example: mkisofs -o rom -m '*.o' -m core -m foobar

would exclude all files ending in ".o", called "core" or "foobar" to be copied to CDROM. Note that if you had a directory called "foobar" it too (and of course all its descendants) would be excluded.

NOTE: The -m and -x option description should both be updated, they are wrong. Both now work identical and use filename globbing. A file is excluded if either the last component matches or the whole path matches. -exclude-listfile A file containing a list of globs to be exclude as above. -max-iso9660-filenames Allow 37 chars in iso9660 filenames. This option forces the -N option as the extra name space is taken from the space reserved for ISO-9660 version numbers. 

This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it happens to work on many systems. Although a conforming application needs to provide a buffer space of at least 37 characters, disks created with this option may cause a buffer overflow in the reading operating system. Use with extreme care. -M path or -M device or -dev device Specifies path to existing iso9660 image to be merged. The alternate form takes a SCSI device specifier that uses the same syntax as the dev= parameter of cdrecord. The output of mkisofs will be a new session which should get written to the end of the image specified in -M. Typically this requires multi-session capability for the recorder and cdrom drive that you are attempting to write this image to. This option may only be used in conjunction with the -C option. -N Omit version numbers from ISO9660 file names.
This violates the ISO9660 standard, but no one really uses the version numbers anyway. Use with caution. -new-dir-mode mode Mode to use when creating new directories in the iso fs image. The default mode is 0555. -nobak -no-bak Do not include backup files files on the iso9660 filesystem. If the -no-bak option is specified, files that contain the characters '~' or '#' or end in '.bak' will not be included (these are typically backup files for editors under unix). -force-rr Do not use the automatic Rock Ridge attributes recognition for previous sessions. This helps to show rotten iso9660 extension records as e.g. created by NERO burning ROM. -no-rr Do not use the Rock Ridge attributes from previous sessions. This may help to avoid getting into trouble when mkisofs finds illegal Rock Ridge signatures on an old session. -no-split-symlink-components Don't split the SL components, but begin a new Continuation Area (CE) instead. This may waste some space, but the SunOS 4.1.4 cdrom driver has a bug in reading split SL components (link_size = component_size instead of link_size += component_size).

Note that this option has been introduced by Eric Youngdale in 1997. It is questionable whether it makes sense at all. When it has been introduced, mkisofs did have a serious bug that did create defective CE signatures if a symlink contained '/../'. This CE signature bug in mkisofs has been fixed in May 2003. -no-split-symlink-fields Don't split the SL fields, but begin a new Continuation Area (CE) instead. This may waste some space, but the SunOS 4.1.4 and Solaris 2.5.1 cdrom driver have a bug in reading split SL fields (a '/' can be dropped). Note that this option has been introduced by Eric Youngdale in 1997. It is questionable whether it makes sense at all. When it has been introduced, mkisofs did have a serious bug that did create defective CE signatures if a symlink contained '/../'. This CE signature bug in mkisofs has been fixed in May 2003. -o filename is the name of the file to which the iso9660 filesystem image should be written. This can be a disk file, a tape drive, or it can correspond directly to the device name of the optical disc writer. If not specified, stdout is used. Note that the output can also be a block special device for a regular disk drive, in which case the disk partition can be mounted and examined to ensure that the premastering was done correctly. -pad Pad the end of the whole image by 150 sectors (300 kB). If the option -B is used, then there is a padding at the end of the iso9660 partition and before the beginning of the boot partitions. The size of this padding is chosen to make the first boot partition start on a sector number that is a multiple of 16. The padding is needed as many operating systems (e.g. Linux) implement read ahead bugs in their filesystem I/O. These bugs result in read errors on one or more files that are located at the end of a track. They are usually present when the CD is written in Track at Once mode or when the disk is written as mixed mode CD where an audio track follows the data track.

To avoid problems with I/O error on the last file on the filesystem, the -pad option has been made the default. -no-pad Do not Pad the end by 150 sectors (300 kB) and do not make the the boot partitions start on a multiple of 16 sectors. -path-listfile A file containing a list of pathspec directories and filenames to be added to the ISO9660 filesystem. This list of pathspecs are processed after any that appear on the command line. If the argument is -, then the list is read from the standard input. -P Outdated option reserved by POSIX.1-2001, use -publisher instead. This option will get POSIX.1-2001 semantics with mkisofs-2.02. -publisher publisher_id Specifies a text string that will be written into the volume header. This should describe the publisher of the CDROM, usually with a mailing address and phone number. There is space on the disc for 128 characters of information. This parameter can also be set in the file .mkisofsrc with PUBL=. If specified in both places, the command line version is used. -p preparer_id Specifies a text string that will be written into the volume header. This should describe the preparer of the CDROM, usually with a mailing address and phone number. There is space on the disc for 128 characters of information. This parameter can also be set in the file .mkisofsrc with PREP=. If specified in both places, the command line version is used. -print-size Print estimated filesystem size in multiples of the sector size (2048 bytes) and exit. This option is needed for Disk At Once mode and with some CD-R drives when piping directly into cdrecord. In this case it is needed to know the size of the filesystem before the actual CD-creation is done. The option -print-size allows to get this size from a "dry-run" before the CD is actually written. Old versions of mkisofs did write this information (among other information) to stderr. As this turns out to be hard to parse, the number without any other information is now printed on stdout too. If you like to write a simple shell script, redirect stderr and catch the number from stdout. This may be done with: cdblocks=' mkisofs -print-size -quiet ... '

mkisofs ... | cdrecord ... tsize=${cdblocks}s - -quiet This makes mkisofs even less verbose. No progress output will be provided. -R Generate SUSP and RR records using the Rock Ridge protocol to further describe the files on the iso9660 filesystem. -r This is like the -R option, but file ownership and modes are set to more useful values. The uid and gid are set to zero, because they are usually only useful on the author's system, and not useful to the client. All the file read bits are set true, so that files and directories are globally readable on the client. If any execute bit is set for a file, set all of the execute bits, so that executables are globally executable on the client. If any search bit is set for a directory, set all of the search bits, so that directories are globally searchable on the client. All write bits are cleared, because the CD-Rom will be mounted read-only in any case. If any of the special mode bits are set, clear them, because file locks are not useful on a read-only file system, and set-id bits are not desirable for uid 0 or gid 0. When used on Win32, the execute bit is set on all files. This is a result of the lack of file permissions on Win32 and the Cygwin POSIX emulation layer. See also -uid -gid, -dir-mode, -file-mode and -new-dir-mode. -relaxed-filenames The option -relaxed-filenames allows ISO9660 filenames to include digits, upper case characters and all other 7 bit ASCII characters (resp. anything except lowercase characters). 

This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it happens to work on many systems. Use with caution. -root dir Moves all files and directories into dir in the image. This is essentially the same as using -graft-points and adding dir in front of every pathspec, but is easier to use.

dir may actually be several levels deep. It is created with the same permissions as other graft points. -old-root dir This option is necessary when writing a multisession image and the previous (or even older) session was written with -root dir. Using a directory name not found in the previous session causes mkisofs to abort with an error. Without this option, mkisofs would not be able to find unmodified files and would be forced to write their data into the image once more.

-root and -old-root are meant to be used together to do incremental backups. The initial session would e.g. use: mkisofs -root backup_1 dirs. The next incremental backup with mkisofs -root backup_2 -old-root backup_1 dirs. would take another snapshot of these directories. The first snapshot would be found in backup_1, the second one in backup_2, but only modified or new files need to be written into the second session.

Without these options, new files would be added and old ones would be preserved. But old ones would be overwritten if the file was modified. Recovering the files by copying the whole directory back from CD would also restore files that were deleted intentionally. Accessing several older versions of a file requires support by the operating system to choose which sessions are to be mounted. -sort sort file Sort file locations on the media. Sorting is controlled by a file that contains pairs of filenames and sorting offset weighting. If the weighting is higher, the file will be located closer to the beginning of the media, if the weighting is lower, the file will be located closer to the end of the media. There must be only one space or tabs character between the filename and the weight and the weight must be the last characters on a line. The filename is taken to include all the characters up to, but not including the last space or tab character on a line. This is to allow for space characters to be in, or at the end of a filename. This option does not sort the order of the file names that appear in the ISO9660 directory. It sorts the order in which the file data is written to the CD image - which may be useful in order to optimize the data layout on a CD. See README.sort for more details. -sparc-boot img_sun4,img_sun4c,img_sun4m,img_sun4d,img_sun4e See -B option above. -sparc-label label Set the Sun disk label name for the Sun disk label that is created with the -sparc-boot option. -split-output Split the output image into several files of approximately 1 GB. This helps to create DVD sized iso9660 images on operating systems without large file support. Cdrecord will concatenate more than one file into a single track if writing to a DVD. To make -split-output work, the -o filename option must be specified. The resulting outout images will be named: filename_00,filename_01,filename_02... -stream-media-size # Select streaming operation and set the media size to # sectors. This allows you to pipe the output of the tar program into mkisofs and to create a iso9660 filesystem without the need of an intermediate tar archive file. If this option has been specified, mkisofs reads from stdin and creates a file with the name STREAM.IMG. The maximum size of the file (with padding) is 200 sectors less than the specified media size. If -no-pad has been specified, the file size is 50 sectors less than the specified media size. If the file is smaller, then mkisofs will write padding. This may take a while. The option -stream-media-size creates simple iso9660 filesystems only and may not used together with multi-session or hybrid filesystem options. -stream-file-name name Reserved for future use. -sunx86-bootUFS-img,,,AUX1-img Specifies a comma separated list of filesystem images that are needed to make a bootable CD for Solaris x86 systems. Note that partition 1 is used for the ISO-9660 image and that partition 2 is the whole disk, so partition 1 and 2 may not be used by external partition data. The first image file is mapped to partition 0. There may be empty fields in the comma separated list, and list entries for partition 1 and 2 must be empty. The maximum number of supported partitions is 8 (although the Solaris x86 partition table could support up to 16 partitions), so it is impossible to specify more than 6 partition images. This option is required to make a bootable CD for Solaris x86 systems.

If the -sunx86-boot option has been specified, the first sector of the resulting image will contain a PC fdisk label with a Solaris type 0x82 fdisk partition that starts at offset 512 and spans the whole CD. In addition, for the Solaris type 0x82 fdisk partition, there is a SVr4 disk label at offset 1024 in the first sector of the CD. This disk label specifies slice 0 for the first (usually UFS type) filesystem image that is used to boot the PC and slice 1 for the iso9660 image. Slice 2 spans the whole CD slice 3 ... slice 7 may be used for additional filesystem images that have been specified with this option.

A Solaris x86 boot CD uses a 1024 byte sized primary boot that uses the El-Torito no-emulation boot mode and a secondary generic boot that is in CD sectors 1..15. For this reason, both -b bootimage -no-emul-boot and -G genboot must be specified. -sunx86-labellabel Set the SVr4 disk label name for the SVr4 disk label that is created with the -sunx86-boot option. -sysid ID Specifies the system ID. There is space on the disc for 32 characters of information. This parameter can also be set in the file .mkisofsrc with SYSI=system_id. If specified in both places, the command line version is used. -T Generate a file TRANS.TBL in each directory on the CDROM, which can be used on non-Rock Ridge capable systems to help establish the correct file names. There is also information present in the file that indicates the major and minor numbers for block and character devices, and each symlink has the name of the link file given. -table-nameTABLE_NAME Alternative translation table file name (see above). Implies the -T option. If you are creating a multi-session image you must use the same name as in the previous session. -ucs-level level Set Unicode conformance level in the Joliet SVD. The default level is 3. It may be set to 1..3 using this option. -udf Include UDF support in the generated filesystem image. UDF support is currently in alpha status and for this reason, it is not possible to create UDF only images. UDF data structures are currently coupled to the Joliet structures, so there are many pitfalls with the current implementation. There is no UID/GID support, there is no POSIX permission support, there is no support for symlinks. Note that UDF wastes the space from sector ~20 to sector 256 at the beginning of the disk in addition to the spcae needed for real UDF data structures. -uid uid Overrides the uid read from the source files to the value of uid. Specifying this option automatically enables Rock Ridge extensions. -use-fileversion The option -use-fileversion allows mkisofs to use file version numbers from the filesystem. If the option is not specified, mkisofs creates a version number of 1 for all files. File versions are strings in the range ;1 to ;32767 This option is the default on VMS. -U Allows "Untranslated" filenames, completely violating the iso9660 standards described above. Forces on the -d, -l, -N, -allow-leading-dots, -relaxed-filenames, -allow-lowercase, -allow-multidot and -no-iso-translate flags. It allows more than one '.' character in the filename, as well as mixed case filenames. This is useful on HP-UX system, where the built-in CDFS filesystem does not recognize ANY extensions. Use with extreme caution. -no-iso-translate Do not translate the characters '#' and '~' which are invalid for iso9660 filenames. These characters are though invalid often used by Microsoft systems. 

This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it happens to work on many systems. Use with caution. -V volid Specifies the volume ID (volume name or label) to be written into the master block. There is space on the disc for 32 characters of information. This parameter can also be set in the file .mkisofsrc with VOLI=id. If specified in both places, the command line version is used. Note that if you assign a volume ID, this is the name that will be used as the mount point used by the Solaris volume management system and the name that is assigned to the disc on a Microsoft Win32 or Apple Mac platform. -volset ID Specifies the volset ID. There is space on the disc for 128 characters of information. This parameter can also be set in the file .mkisofsrc with VOLS=volset_id. If specified in both places, the command line version is used. -volset-size # Sets the volume set size to #. The volume set size is the number of CD's that are in a CD volume set. A volume set is a collection of one or more volumes, on which a set of files is recorded.

Volume Sets are not intended to be used to create a set numbered CD's that are part of e.g. a Operation System installation set of CD's. Volume Sets are rather used to record a big directory tree that would not fit on a single volume. Each volume of a Volume Set contains a description of all the directories and files that are recorded on the volumes where the sequence numbers are less than, or equal to, the assigned Volume Set Size of the current volume.

Mkisofs currently does not support a -volset-size that is larger than 1.

The option -volset-size must be specified before -volset-seqno on each command line. -volset-seqno # Sets the volume set sequence number to #. The volume set sequence number is the index number of the current CD in a CD set. The option -volset-size must be specified before -volset-seqno on each command line. -v Verbose execution. If given twice on the command line, extra debug information will be printed. -x path Exclude path from being written to CDROM. path must be the complete pathname that results from concatenating the pathname given as command line argument and the path relative to this directory. Multiple paths may be excluded. Example: mkisofs -o cd -x /local/dir1 -x /local/dir2 /local

NOTE: The -m and -x option description should both be updated, they are wrong. Both now work identical and use filename globbing. A file is excluded if either the last component matches or the whole path matches. -z Generate special RRIP records for transparently compressed files. This is only of use and interest for hosts that support transparent decompression, such as Linux 2.4.14 or later. You must specify the -R or -r options to enable RockRidge, and generate compressed files using the mkzftree utility before running mkisofs. Note that transparent compression is a nonstandard Rock Ridge extension. The resulting disks are only transparently readable if used on Linux. On other operating systems you will need to call mkzftree by hand to decompress the files. -b ISOPATH announces a data file as El Torito boot image for PC-BIOS.

-e ISOPATH announces a data file as El Torito boot image for EFI. This is not an option of original mkisofs, but is understood by some variants of genisoimage and by xorriso -as mkisofs.

-no-emul-boot and -hard-disk-boot choose emulation modes other than the default of floppy emulation. Especially -no-emul-boot is needed for boot images of ISOLINUX and GRUB2.

-boot-load-size NUMBER sets how many blocks of the boot image are to be loaded by the BIOS. A usual number with -no-emul-boot is 4.

-boot-info-table causes a Boot Info Table to be written into the boot image. Needed for boot images of ISOLINUX and GRUB2.

-eltorito-alt-boot ends the range of -b or -e. All further El Torito boot options will apply to the next boot image given by -b or -e.

-G DISKPATH copies the content of a data file into the System Area of the ISO filesystem. This is used to bring MBR or other boot blocks into the filesystem to enable booting from hard-disk-like devices or booting on exotic hardware.

-isohybrid-mbr DISKPATH copies a SYSLINUX/ISOLINUX MBR template into the System Area and makes it execute the El Torito boot image for BIOS. This is a speciality of xorriso -as mkisofs.

-isohybrid-gpt-basdat announces the boot image as GPT partition for booting via EFI and as MBR partition. This is a speciality of xorriso -as mkisofs.

-graft-points enables the interpretation of pathspecs which give a target path in the ISO filesystem together with the path of an input directory or file.

A program argument, which is not recognized as option (e.g. because it does not begin by a dash "-") and is not parameter of an option, is taken as path to an input directory or file. If it is a directory, then its content gets merged with the content of the root directory of the emerging ISO filesystem. If it is a file of other type, then it gets copied into the root directory.

If enabled, then pathspecs get recognized by an equal sign which separates target path from source path. E.g.

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Kasutatud kirjandus

Kogu dokumentatsioon on kirjutatud tuginedes järgnevatele allikatele ja juhenditele:

[1]http://linux.die.net/man/8/mkisofs

[2]http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/gutsy/en/man8/mkisofs.8.html

[3]http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/ISO-9660

Category: Operatsioonisüsteemide administreerimine ja sidumine

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